Weathering and Oxidation

Selected References - revised December, 2011

   These bibliographic references have been compiled as a TSOP project, and organic petrologists have found the references to be useful in their work. They should be available at university or geological research center libraries. They are not available from TSOP, except for those listed on our Publications page, or as part of the TSOP Newsletter.

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Axelson, D.E., R.J. Mikula, and V.A. Munoz, 1987, Characterization of coal oxidation in-situ and on a stockpile, in J.A. Moulijn, K.A. Nater, and H.A.G. Chermin, eds., International conference on coal science: Elsevier, p. 419-422.

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Bend, S.L., I.A.S. Edwards, and H. Marsh, 1991, Effects of oxidation and weathering on char formation and coal combustion, in H.H. Schobert, K.D. Bartle, and L.J. Lynch, eds., Coal science II: American Chemical Society Symposium Series 461, p. 284-298.

Bend, S.L., and D.M. Kosloski, 1993, A petrographic examination of coal oxidation: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 24, p. 233-243.

Benedict, L.G., and W.F. Berry, 1964, Recognition and measurement of coal oxidation: Monroeville, PA, Coal Research, 41 p.

Berkowitz, N., 1994, An introduction to coal technology, 2nd ed.: San Diego, Academic Press, 398 p.

Bjoroy, M., K. Hall, and J.O. Vigran, 1980, An organic geochemical study of Mesozoic shales from Andoya, North Norway, in A.G. Douglas and J.R. Maxwell, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1979: New York, Pergamon Press, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth v. 12, p. 77-91.

Bjoroy, M., and J.O. Vigran, 1980, Geochemical study of the organic matter in outcrop samples from Agardhfjellet, Spitsbergen, in A.G. Douglas and J.R. Maxwell, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1979: New York, Pergamon Press, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, v. 12, p. 141-147.

Boyapati, E., W.A. Oates, N.T. Moxon, J.C. Day, and C.K. Baker, 1984, The weathering characteristics of coking coals: Fuel, v. 63, p. 551-556.

Breger, I.A., P. Zubovic, J.C. Chandler, and D.T. Ligon, Jr., 1976, Effects of oxidation on the chemical structure and properties of coals, in C.J. Smith, compiler, Proceedings of the coal agglomeration and conversion symposium: Morgantown, WV, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, p. 1.

Bruening, F.A., and A.D. Cohen, 2005, Measuring surface properties and oxidation of coal macerals using the atomic force microscope: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 63, p. 195-204.

Bustin, R.M., 1980, Oxidation characteristics of some sheared coal seams of the Mist Mountain Formation, southeastern Canadian Cordillera: Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 80-1B, p. 249-254.

Cagigas, A., J.B. Escudero, M.J.D. Low, J.J. Pis, and J.M.D. Tascon, 1987, A comparison of various characterization techniques for low-temperature oxidation of coal: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 15, p. 245-256.

Calemma, V., R. Rausa, R. Margarit, and E. Girardi, 1988, FTIR study of coal oxidation at low temperature: Fuel, v. 67, p. 764-770.

Calemma, V., G. del Piero, R. Rausa, and E. Girardi, 1995, Changes in optical properties of coal during air oxidation at moderate temperature: Fuel, v. 74, p. 383-388.

Chandra, D., 1958, Reflectance of oxidized coals: Economic Geology, v. 53, p. 102-108.

Chandra, D., 1962, Reflectance and microstructure of weathered coals: Fuel, v. 41, p. 185-193.

Chandra, D., 1966, Effect of storage of coals on reflectance and petrological composition: Economic Geology, v. 61, p. 754-759.

Chang, S., and R.A. Berner, 1998, Humic substance formation via the oxidative weathering of coal: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 32, p. 2883-2886.

Chang, S., and R.A. Berner, 1999, Coal weathering and the geochemical carbon cycle: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, p. 3301-3310.

Chen, X.D., and J.B. Stott, 1993, The effect of moisture content on the oxidation rate of coal during near-equilibrium drying and wetting at 50ºC: Fuel, v. 72, p. 787-792.

Chigira, M., and T. Oyama, 2000, Mechanism and effect of chemical weathering of sedimentary rocks: Engineering Geology, v. 55, p. 3-14.

Chu, W., and M. Sujatmiko, 2009, Coal seam oxidation leads to CP failure, pipeline corrosion: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 107.44, p. 58-65.

Clayton, J.L., and P.J. Swetland, 1978, Subaerial weathering of sedimentary organic matter: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, p. 305-312.

Clayton, J.L., and J.D. King, 1987, Effects of weathering on biological marker and aromatic hydrocarbon composition of organic matter in Phosphoria shale outcrop: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, p. 2153-2157.

Clemens, A.H., T.W. Matheson, and D.E. Rogers, 1990, DTA studies of the low temperature oxidation of low rank coals: Fuel, v. 69, p. 255-256.

Clemens, A.H., T.W. Matheson, and D.E. Rogers, 1991, Low-temperature oxidation studies of dried New Zealand coals: Fuel, v. 70, p. 215-221.

Copard, Y., J.R. Disnar, and J.F. Becq-Giraudon, 2002, Erroneous maturity assessment given by Tmax and HI Rock-Eval parameters on highly mature weathered coals: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 49, p. 57-65.

Copard, Y., J.R. Disnar, J.F. Becq-Giraudon, and F. Laggoun-Defarge, 2004, Erroneous coal maturity assessment caused by low temperature oxidation: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 58, p. 171-180.

Correa Da Silva, Z.C., and J. Pereira Neto, 1993, Oxidation effects on macerals of the Candiota coal, Rio Grande Do Sul State, southern Brazil, stocked in piles (abstract): ICCP News, no. 8, p. 13.

Cox, J.L., 1984, Concern over coal samples: Fuel, v. 63, p. 1030-1031.

Crawford, D.L., ed., 1993, Microbial transformations of low rank coals: Boca Raton, CRC Press, 223 p.

Crelling, J.C., R.H. Schrader, and L.G. Benedict, 1979, Effects of weathered coal on coking properties and coke quality: Fuel, v. 58, p. 542-546.

Davidson, R.M., 1990, Natural oxidation of coal: IEA Coal Research, publication 29, 76 p.

Davidson, R.M., 1991, Natural oxidation of coal: University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, Energeia, v. 2, no. 2, p. 1-4.

Dobell, P., A.R. Cameron, and W.D. Kalkreuth, 1984, Petrographic examination of low-rank coals from Saskatchewan and British Columbia, Canada, including reflected and fluorescent light microscopy, SEM, and laboratory oxidation procedures: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 21, p. 1209-1228.

Dunlop, N.F., and R.B. Johns, 1999, Thermally induced chemical changes in the macromolecular structure of an Indonesian coal: Organic Geochemistry, v. 30, p. 1301-1309.

Elie, M., P. Faure, R. Michels, P. Landais, and L. Griffault, 2000, Natural and laboratory oxidation of low-organic-carbon-content sediments: comparison of chemical changes in hydrocarbons: Energy & Fuels, v. 14, p. 854-861.

Ettinger, I., I. Eremin, B. Zimakov, and M. Yanovskaya, 1967, Natural factors influencing coal sorption properties: II. Gas capacity of coals found in weathering zone of coal deposits: Fuel, v. 45, p. 277-282.

Faure, P., P. Landais, and L. Griffault, 1999, Behavior of organic matter from Callovian shales during low-temperature air oxidation: Fuel, v. 78, p. 1515-1525.

Fischer, C., and R. Gaupp, 2005, Change of black shale organic material surface area during oxidative weathering: implications for rock-water surface evolution: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 69, p. 1213-1224.

Fischer, C., V. Karius, and V. Thiel, 2007, Organic matter in black slate shows oxidative degradation within only a few decades: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 77, p. 355-365.

Forsberg, A., and M. Bjoroy, 1983, A sedimentological and organic geochemical study of the Botneheia Formation, Svalbard, with special emphasis on the effects of weathering on the organic matter in shales, in M. Bjoroy et al., eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1981: New York, John Wiley & Sons, p. 60-68.

Fredericks, P.M., P. Warbrooke, and M.A. Wilson, 1983, Chemical changes during natural oxidation of a high volatile bituminous coal: Organic Geochemistry, v. 5, p. 89-97.

Gentzis, T., F. Goodarzi, and R.A. McFarlane, 1992, Molecular structure of reactive coals during oxidation, carbonization and hydrogenation - an infrared photoacoustic spectroscopic and optical microscopic study: Organic Geochemistry, v. 18, p. 249-258.

Goodarzi, F., and D.G. Murchison, 1973, Oxidized vitrinites—their aromaticity, optical properties and detection: Fuel, v. 52, p. 90-92.

Goodarzi, F., and D.G. Murchison, 1976, Optical properties of carbonized preoxidized vitrinites, in M.A. Nettleton and others, Coal I: current advances in coal chemistry and mining techniques: New York, MSS Information Corporation, p. 86-94.

Goodarzi, F., and D.G. Murchison, 1976, Oxidized vitrinites - their aromaticity, optical properties and possible detection, in M.A. Nettleton and others, Coal I: current advances in coal chemistry and mining techniques: New York, MSS Information Corporation, p. 123-129.

Goodarzi, F., 1986, Optical properties of oxidized resinites: Fuel, v. 65, p. 260-265.

Gray, R.J., A.H. Rhoades, and D.T. King, 1976, Detection of oxidized coal and the effect of oxidation on the technological properties: Transactions of SME, v. 260, p. 334-341.

Gray, R.J., and D.E. Lowenhaupt, 1989, Aging and weathering, in R. Klein and R. Wellek, eds., Sample selection, aging, and reactivity of coal: New York, John Wiley & Sons, p. 255-334.

Grosjean, E., P. Adam, J. Connan, and P. Albrecht, 2004, Effects of weathering on nickel and vanadyl prophyrins of a Lower Toarcian shale of the Paris basin: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, p. 789-804.

Hoover, D.S., and F.K. Schweighardt, 1989, Analytical techniques for monitoring coal sample storage, in R. Klein and R. Wellek, eds., Sample selection, aging, and reactivity of coal: New York, John Wiley & Sons, p. 443-461.

Huffman, G.P., F.E. Huggins, G.R. Dunmyre, A.J. Pignocco, and M.-C. Lin, 1985, Comparative sensitivity of various analytical techniques to the low-temperature oxidation of coal: Fuel, v. 64, p. 849-856.

Huggins, F.E., G.P. Huffman, D.A. Kosmack, and D.E. Lowenhaupt, 1980, Mossbauer detection of goethite in coal and its potential as an indicator of coal oxidation: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 1, p. 75-81.

Huggins, F.E., G.P. Huffman, G.R. Dunmyre, M.J. Nardozzi, and M.C. Lin, 1987, Low temperature oxidation of bituminous coals: its detection and effect on coal conversion: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 15, p. 233-244.

Huggins, F.E., and G.P. Huffman, 1989, Coal weathering and oxidation: the early stages, in C.R. Nelson, ed., Chemistry of coal weathering: New York, Elsevier Science Publishers, Coal Science and Technology, v. 14, p. 33-60.

Iglesias, M.J., G. de la Puente, E. Fuente, and J.J. Pis, 1998, Compositional and structural changes during aerial oxidation of coal and their relationships with technological properties: Vibrational Spectroscopy, v. 17, p. 41-52.

Ingram, G.R., and J.D. Rimstidt, 1984, Natural weathering of coal: Fuel, v. 63, p. 292-296.

Isaacs, J.J., and R. Liotta, 1987, Oxidative weathering of Powder River basin coal: Energy and Fuels, v. 1, p. 349-351.

Jackman, H.W., R.L. Eissler, and F.H. Reed, 1957, Weathering of Illinois coals during storage: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 227, 22 p.

Jaffe, L.A., B. Peucker-Ehrenbrink, and S.T. Petsch, 2002, Mobility of rhenium, platinum group elements and organic carbon during black shale weathering: Earth Planet. Sci. Letters, v. 198, p. 339-353.

Jakab, E., B. Hoesterey, W. Windig, G.R. Hill, and H.L.C. Meuzelaar, 1988, Effects of low temperature air oxidation (weathering) reactions on the pyrolysis mass spectra of US coals: Fuel, v. 67, p. 73-79.

Jakab, E., Y. Yun, and H.L.C. Meuzelaar, 1989, Effects of weathering on the molecular structure of coal, in C.R. Nelson, ed., Chemistry of coal weathering: New York, Elsevier Science Publishers, Coal Science and Technology, v. 14, p. 61-82.

Jerz, J.K., and J.D. Rimstidt, 2004, Pyrite oxidation in moist air: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, p. 701-714.

Johnson, R.C., and V.F. Nuccio, 1993, Surface vitrinite reflectance study of the Uinta and Piceance basins and adjacent areas, eastern Utah and western Colorado - implications for the development of Laramide basins and uplifts: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1787-DD, 38 p.

Kaji, R., Y. Hishinuma, and Y. Nakamura, 1985, Low temperature oxidation of coals. Effects of pore structure and coal composition: Fuel, v. 64, p. 297-302.

Khan, M.R., and R.G. Jenkins, 1989, Influence of weathering and low-temperature oxidation on the thermoplastic properties of coal, in C.R. Nelson, ed., Chemistry of coal weathering: New York, Elsevier Science Publishers, Coal Science and Technology, v. 14, p. 107-132.

Khorasani, G.K., and J.K. Michelsen, 1992, Primary alteration-oxidation of marine algal organic matter from oil source rocks of the North Sea and Norwegian Arctic: new findings, in C.B. Eckardt, J.R. Maxwell, S.R. Larter, and D.A.C. Manning, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1991, part II. advances and applications in energy and the natural environment: Organic Geochemistry, v. 19, p. 327-343.

Kister, J., M. Guiliano, G. Mille, and H. Dou, 1988, Changes in the chemical structure of low rank coal after low temperature oxidation or demineralization by acid treatment: Fuel, v. 67, p. 1076-1081.

Klein, R., and R. Wellek, eds., Sample selection, aging, and reactivity of coal: New York, John Wiley & Sons, 469 p.

Kolker, A., and F.E. Huggins, 2007, Progressive oxidation of pyrite in five bituminous coal samples: an As XANES and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopic study: Applied Geochemistry, v. 22, p. 778-787.

Krishnaswamy, S., R.D. Gunn, and P.K. Agarwal, 1996, Low-temperature oxidation of coal. 2. An experimental and modeling investigation using a fixed-bed isothermal flow reactor: Fuel, v. 75, p. 344-352.

Kruszewska, K.J., and V.M. Du Cann, 1996, Detection of the incipient oxidation of coal by petrographic techniques: Fuel, v. 75, p. 769-774.

Lambert, D.E., C.J.R. Fookes, and J.D. Saxby, 1988, N.m.r. analysis of shale oils from fresh and artificially weathered oil shales: Fuel, v. 67, p. 1386-1390.

Landais, P., M. Monthioux, and J.-D. Meunier, 1984, Importance of the oxidation/maturation pair in the evolution of humic coals: Organic Geochemistry, v. 7, p. 249-260.

Landais, P., R. Michels, J. Kister, J.-M. Dereppe, and Z. Benhedda, 1991, Behavior of oxidized type II kerogen during artificial maturation: Energy Fuels, v. 5, p. 860-866.

Landais, P., and A. Rochdi, 1993, In situ examination of coal macerals oxidation by micro-FT-i.r. spectroscopy: Fuel, v. 72, p. 1393-1401.

Lewan, M.D., 1994, Effects of weathering on the reflectance of vitrinite in the Mowry Shale, Steinaker Reservoir, Utah (abstract): 1994 AAPG Annual Convention, Official Program, v. 3, p. 197.

Leythaeuser, D., 1973, Effects of weathering on organic matter in shales: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 37, p. 113-120.

Liotta, R., G. Brons, and J. Isaacs, 1983, Oxidative weathering of Illinois No. 6 coal: Fuel, v. 62, p. 781-791.

Littke, R., U. Klussmann, B. Krooss, and D. Leythaeuser, 1991, Quantification of loss of calcite, pyrite, and organic matter due to weathering of Toarcian black shales and effects on kerogen and bitumen characteristics: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 3369-3378.

Littke, R., 1993, Deposition, diagenesis and weathering of organic matter-rich sediments: New York, Springer-Verlag, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 47, 216 p.

Lo, H.B., and B.J. Cardott, 1994, Detection of natural weathering of Upper McAlester coal and Woodford Shale, Oklahoma, U.S.A.: Organic Geochemistry, v. 22, p. 73-83.

Lopez, D., Y. Sanada, and F. Mondragon, 1998, Effect of low-temperature oxidation of coal on hydrogen-transfer capability: Fuel, v. 77, p. 1623-1628.

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Marchioni, D.L., 1978, The effect on vitrinite reflectance of elevated temperatures during sample preparation: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 78-1C, p. 125-126.

Marchioni, D.L., 1983, The detection of weathering in coal by petrographic, rheologic and chemical methods: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 2, p. 231-259.

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McHugh, E.A., C.F.K. Diessel, and R. Kutzner, 1991, Use of fluorescence microscopy in the detection of low level oxidation in bituminous coals: Fuel, v. 70, p. 647-653.

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Mitchell, G.D., A. Davis, and R.F. Rathbone, 1991, The use of vitrinite fluorescence as a measure of changes in coal thermoplasticity and weathering: Proceedings Ironmaking Conference, v. 50, p. 199-206.

Mitchell, G.D., A. Davis, and S. Chander, 2005, Surface properties of photo-oxidized bituminous vitrains: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 62, p. 33-47.

Moss, T.D., K.W. Riley, J.D. Saxby, C.J.R. Fookes, and J.H. Patterson, 1988, Effect of weathering of oil shale at Julia Creek (Australia) on kerogen, oil yields and oil properties: Fuel, v. 67, p. 1382-1385.

Nandi, B.N., L.A. Ciavaglia, and D.S. Montgomery, 1977, The variation of the microhardness and reflectance of coal under conditions of oxidation simulating weathering: Journal of Microscopy, v. 109, p. 93-103.

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Nelson, C.R., 1989, Coal weathering: chemical processes and pathways, in C.R. Nelson, ed., Chemistry of coal weathering: New York, Elsevier Science Publishers, Coal Science and Technology, v. 14, p. 1-32.

Nuccio, V.F., and R.C. Johnson, 1988, Surface vitrinite-reflectance map of the Uinta, Piceance, and Eagle basins area, Utah and Colorado: USGS Map MF-2008-B, 21 p., 1 plate (scale 1:500,000).

Nzoussi-Mbassani, P., Y. Copard, and J.R. Disnar, 2005, Vitrinite recycling: diagnostic criteria and reflectance changes during weathering and reburial: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 61, p. 223-239.

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Painter, P.C., R.W. Snyder, D.E. Pearson, and J. Kwong, 1980, Fourier transform infrared study of the variation in the oxidation of a coking coal: Fuel, v. 59, p. 282-286.

Painter, P.C., M.M. Coleman, R.W. Snyder, O. Mahajan, M. Komatsu, and P.L. Walker, Jr., 1981, Low temperature air oxidation of caking coals: Fourier transform infrared studies: Applied Spectroscopy, v. 35, p. 106-110.

Pandolfo, A.G., A.S. Buchanan, and R.B. Johns, 1995, Chemical changes occurring during aerial oxidation of a bituminous coal, in J.A. Pajares and J.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: Amsterdam, Elsevier Science, p. 477-480.

Pawlewicz, M.J., and C.E. Barker, 1989, Vitrinite reflectance of Tertiary coal across the surface of the northern Powder River basin, Wyoming-Montana: 1989 Montana Geological Society Field Conference, p. 341-351.

Pearson, D.E., and J. Kwong, 1979, Mineral matter as a measure of oxidation of a caking coal: Fuel, v. 58, p. 63-66.

Pearson, D.E., and S. Creaney, 1981, Reflectance of carbonized vitrinites as a measure of oxidation of a coking coal: Fuel, v. 60, p. 273-275.

Petsch, S.T., R.A. Berner, and T.I. Eglinton, 2000, A field study of the chemical weathering of ancient sedimentary organic matter: Organic Geochemistry, v. 31, p. 475-487.

Petsch, S.T., R.J. Smernik, T.I. Eglinton, and J.M. Oades, 2001, A solid state 13C-NMR study of kerogen degradation during black shale weathering: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, p. 1867-1882.

Petsch, S.T., K.J. Edwards, and T.I. Eglinton, 2003, Abundance, distribution and δ13C analysis of microbial phospholipids-derived fatty acids in a black shale weathering profile: Organic Geochemistry, v. 34, p. 731-743.

Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., and R.E. Hannigan, 2000, Effects of black shale weathering on the mobility of rhenium and platimum group elements: Geology, v. 28, p. 475-478.

Pickel, W., R. Wilkins, C. Buckingham, M. Faiz, J. Kurusingal, N. Russell, and N. Sherwood, 2001, Laser microscopy–FAMM: ICCP White Paper, 10 p. (rate of oxidation is related to rank; significant reduction in fluorescence intensity in one or two days) http://www.iccop.org/uploads/media/2._Pickel_et_al._-_FAMM_02.pdf

Pis, J.J., T.A. Centeno, M. Mahamud, A.B. Fuertes, J.B. Parva, J.A. Pajares, and R.C. Bansal, 1996, Preparation of active carbons from coal, part 1. Oxidation of coal: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 47, p. 119-138.

Pisupati, S.V., A.W. Scaroni, and P.G. Hatcher, 1993, Devolatilization behaviour of naturally weathered and laboratory oxidized bituminous coals: Fuel, v. 72, p. 165-173.

Pisupati, S.V., and A.W. Scaroni, 1993, Natural weathering and laboratory oxidation of bituminous coals: organic and inorganic structural changes: Fuel, v. 72, p. 531-542.

Prado, J.G., 1977, Optical properties of oxidized vitrinite and exinite: Journal of Microscopy, v. 109, p. 85-92.

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Rhoads, C.A., J.T. Senftle, M.M. Coleman, A. Davis, and P.C. Painter, 1983, Further studies of coal oxidation: Fuel, v. 62, p. 1387-1392.

Roy, M.M., 1965, Studies on coal macerals. III. Aerial oxidation of macerals: Economic Geology, v. 60, p. 1213-1217.

Schmidt, L.D., and J.L. Elder, 1940, Atmospheric oxidation of coal at moderate temperatures: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, v. 32, p. 249-256.

Schmidt, L.D., 1945, Changes in coal during storage, in H.H. Lowry, ed., Chemistry of coal utilization, v. 1: New York, John Wiley & Sons, p. 627-676.

Schnitzer, M., and S.I.M. Skinner, 1974, The low temperature oxidation of humic substances: Canadian Journal of Chemistry, v. 52, p. 1072-1080.

Senftle, J.T., and A. Davis, 1984, Effect of oxidative weathering on the thermoplastic and liquefaction behaviors of four coals: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 3, p. 375-381.

Sharp, P.A., 1986, Storage of 8 mesh sub-bituminous coal: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 5, p. 131-132.

Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., W.I.C. Rijpstra, and G.-J. Reichart, 2002, The influence of oxic degradation on the sedimentary biomarker record, II. Evidence from Arabian Sea sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, p. 2737-2754.

Smith, J.W., M. Ahmed, and D. Phan, 2001, Reactions accompanying loss of coking ability during the aerial oxidation of coal: Organic Geochemistry, v. 32, p. 1233-1240.

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