Visual Kerogen

Selected References - revised December, 2011

   These bibliographic references have been compiled as a TSOP project, and organic petrologists have found the references to be useful in their work. They should be available at university or geological research center libraries. They are not available from TSOP, except for those listed on our Publications page, or as part of the TSOP Newsletter.

Alpern, B., 1970, Classification petrographie des constituents organiques fossiles des roches sedimentaires: Revue de l'Institut Francais du Petrole, v. 25, p. 1233-1267.

Alpern, B., B. Durand, J. Espitalie, and B. Tissot, 1972, Localisation, caracterisation et classification petrographique des substances organiques sedimentaires fossiles, in H.R. v. Gaertner and H. Wehner, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1971: New York, Pergamon Press, p. 1-28.

Alpern, B., and D. Cheymol, 1978, Reflectance et fluorescence des organoclastes du Toarcien du bassin de Paris en fonction de la profondeur et de la temperature: Revue de l'Institut Francais du Petrole, v. 33, p. 515-535.

Alpern, B., 1980, Petrographie du kerogene, in B. Durand, ed., Kerogen - insoluble organic matter from sedimentary rocks: Paris, Editions Technip, p. 339-383.

Alpern, B., 1981, Pour une classification synthetique universelle des combustibles solides: Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration-Production, Elf Aquitaine, v. 5, p. 271-290.

Alpern, B., 1981, Les schistes bitumineux: constitution, reserves, valorisation: Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration-Production, Elf Aquitaine, v. 5, p. 319-352.

Alpern, B., M.J. Lemos de Sousa, H.J. Pinheiro, and X. Zhu, 1992, Optical morphology of hydrocarbons and oil progenitors in sedimentary rocks - relations with geochemical parameters: Publ. Mus. Labor. Miner. Geol. Fac. Cienc. Porto N.S., 3, p. 1-21.

Ammosov, I.I., 1979, Petrographic features of solid organic materials as indicators of paleotemperatures and oil potential: International Geology Review, v. 23, p. 406-416.

Anderson, K.B., J.C. Crelling, F. Kenig, and W.W. Huggett, 2007, An unusual non-fluorescing algal kerogen from the Canadian Arctic: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 69, p. 144-152.

Bailey, N.J.L., 1981, Hydrocarbon potential of organic matter, in J. Brooks, ed., Organic maturation studies and fossil fuel exploration: San Francisco, Academic Press, p. 283-302.

Baird, R.A., and R.P. Philp, 1988, Hydrocarbon potential of the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous of the Australian NW shelf: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 11, p. 125-139.

Barnard, P.C., B.S. Cooper, and M.J. Fisher, 1980, Organic maturation and hydrocarbon generation in the Mesozoic sediments of the Sverdrup basin, Arctic Canada: Proceedings of the IV International Palynological Conference, Lucknow (1976-1977), v. 2, p. 581-588.

Barnard, P.C., A.G. Collins, and B.S. Cooper, 1981, Identification and distribution of kerogen facies in a source rock horizon - examples from the North Sea basin, in J. Brooks, ed., Organic maturation studies and fossil fuel exploration: San Francisco, Academic Press, p. 271-282.

Batten, D.J., 1980, Use of transmitted light microscopy of sedimentary organic matter for evaluation of hydrocarbon source potential: Proceedings of the IV International Palynological Conference, Lucknow (1976-1977), v. 2, p. 589-594.

Batten, D.J., 1981, Palynofacies, organic maturation and source potential for petroleum, in J. Brooks, ed., Organic maturation studies and fossil fuel exploration: San Francisco, Academic Press, p. 201-223.

Batten, D.J., 1982, Palynofacies, palaeoenvironment and petroleum: Journal of Micropaleontology, v. 1, p. 107-114.

Batten, D.J., 1983, Identification of amorphous sedimentary organic matter by transmitted light microscopy, in J. Brooks, ed., Petroleum geochemistry and exploration of Europe: Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications, The Geological Society Special Publication 12, p. 275-287.

Batten, D.J., and M.C. Keen, eds., 1989, Northwest European micropalaeontology and palynology: New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 298 p.

Batten, D.J., 1996, Palynofacies and palaeoenvironmental interpretation, in J. Jansonius and D.C. McGregor, eds., Palynology: principles and applications: American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, v. 3, p. 1011-1064.

Batten, D.J., 1996, Palynofacies and petroleum potential, in J. Jansonius and D.C. McGregor, eds., Palynology: principles and applications: American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, v. 3, p. 1065-1084.

Bayliss, G.S., and L.B. Magoon, 1988, Organic facies and thermal maturity of sedimentary rocks in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, in G. Cryc, ed., Geology and exploration of the National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska, 1974-1982: USGS Professional Paper 1399, p. 489-518.

Bertrand, P., E. Lallier-Verges, L. Martinez, B. Pradier, P. Tremblay, A. Huc, R. Jouhannel, and J.P. Tricart, 1990, Examples of spatial relationships between organic matter and mineral groundmass in the microstructure of the organic-rich Dorset Formation rocks, Great Britain, in B. Durand and F. Behar, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1989, part II, molecular geochemistry: Organic Geochemistry, v. 16, p. 661-675.

Bertrand, R., J.-C., Berube, Y. Heroux, and A. Achab, 1985, Petrographie du kerogene dans le Paleozoique inferieur: methode de preparation et exemple d'application: Revue de l'Institut Francais du Petrole, v. 40, p. 155-167.

Bishop, A.N., and R.P. Philp, 1994, Potential for amorphous kerogen formation via adsorption of organic material at mineral surfaces: Energy & Fuels, v. 8, p. 1494-1497.

Bostick, N.H., 1979, Microscopic measurement of the level of catagenesis of solid organic matter in sedimentary rocks to aid exploration for petroleum and to determine former burial temperatures - a review, in P.A. Scholle and P.R. Schluger, eds., Aspects of diagenesis: SEPM Special Publication 26, p. 17-43.

Boulter, M.C., 1994, An approach to a standard terminology for palynodebris, in A. Traverse, ed., Sedimentation of organic particles: Cambridge University Press, p. 199-216.

Boussafir, M., F. Gelin, E. Lallier-Verges, S. Derenne, P. Bertrand, and C. Largeau, 1995, Electron microscopy and pyrolysis of kerogens from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, UK: source organisms, preservation processes, and origin of microcycles: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 3731-3747.

Brasier, M.D., 1980, Microfossils: Boston, George Allen & Unwin, 193 p.

Brooks, J., 1981, Organic maturation of sedimentary organic matter and petroleum exploration: a review, in J. Brooks, ed., Organic maturation studies and fossil fuel exploration: San Francisco, Academic Press, p. 1-37.

Brooks, J., C. Cornford, and R. Archer, 1987, The role of hydrocarbon source rocks in petroleum exploration, in J. Brooks and A.J. Fleet, eds., Marine petroleum source rocks: Geological Society Special Publication 26, p. 17-46.

Bujak, J.P., M.S. Barss, and G.L. Williams, 1977, Offshore east Canada's organic type and color and hydrocarbon potential, part I: Oil and Gas Journal, v. 75, no. 15, p. 198-202.

Burgess, J.D., 1974, Microscopic examination of kerogen (dispersed organic matter) in petroleum exploration, in R.R. Dutcher, P.A. Hacquebard, J.M. Schopf, and J.A. Simon, eds., Carbonaceous materials as indicators of metamorphism: GSA Special Paper 153, p. 19-30.

Bustin, R.M., 1988, Sedimentology and characteristics of dispersed organic matter in Tertiary Niger Delta: origin of source rocks in a deltaic environment: AAPG Bulletin, v. 72, p. 277-298.

Castano, J.R., P.R. Johnson, and A.K. Killi, 1990, Thermal maturation of structureless organic matter: its petrographic expression (abstract): TSOP Abstracts and Program, v. 7, p. 26-27.

Claypool, G.E., and L.B. Magoon, 1988, Oil and gas source rocks in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, in G. Cryc, ed., Geology and exploration of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 1974-1982: USGS Professional Paper 1399, p. 451-481.

Colbath, G.K., and H.R. Grenfell, 1995, Review of biological affinities of Paleozoic acid-resistant, organic-walled eukaryotic algal microfossils (including "acritarchs"): Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 86, p. 287-314.

Combaz, A., 1964, Les palynofacies: Rev. Micropaleont., v. 7, p. 205-218.

Combaz, A., 1974, La matiere algaire et l'origine du petrole, in B. Tissot and F. Bienner, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1973: Paris, Editions Technip, p. 423-438.

Combaz, A., 1975, Essai de classification des roches carbonees et des constituants organiques des roches sedimentaires, in B. Alpern, ed., Petrographie de la matiere organique des sediments, relations avec la paleotemperature et le potentiel petrolier: Paris, C.N.R.S., p. 93-101.

Combaz, A., 1980, Les kerogenes vus au microscope, in B. Durand, ed., Kerogen - insoluble organic matter from sedimentary rocks: Paris, Editions Technip, p. 55-111.

Cook, A.C., A.C. Hutton, and N.R. Sherwood, 1981, Classification of oil shales: Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration-Production, Elf Aquitaine, v. 5, p. 353-381.

Cook, A.C., 1986, The nature and significance of the organic facies in the Eromanga basin, in D.I. Gravestock, P.S. Moore, and G.M. Pitt, eds., Contributions to the geology and hydrocarbon potential of the Eromanga basin: Geological Society of Australia Special Publication 12, p. 203-219.

Cook, A.C., and N.R. Sherwood, 1991, Classification of oil shales, coals, and other organic-rich rocks: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 211-222.

Correia, M., 1967, Relations possibles entre l'etat de conversation des elements figures de la matiere organique et l'existence de gisements d'hydrocarbures: Revue de l'Institut Francais du Petrole, v. 22, p. 1285-1306.

Correia, M., 1969, Contribution a la recherche de zones favorable a la genese du petrole par l'observation microscopique de la matiere organique figuree: Revue de l'Institut Francais du Petrole, v. 24, p. 1417-1454.

Correia, M., 1971, Diagenesis of sporopollenin and other comparable organic substances: application to hydrocarbon research, in J. Brooks, P.R. Grant, M. Muir, P. van Gijzel, and G. Shaw, eds., Sporopollenin: New York, Academic Press, p. 569-620.

Correia, M., and G. Peniguel, 1975, Etude microscopique de la matiere organique - ses applications a l'exploration petroliere: Bull. Centre Rech., Pau - SNPA, v. 9, p. 99-127.

Creaney, S., 1980, The organic petrology of the Upper Cretaceous Boundary Creek Formation, Beaufort-Mackenzie basin: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 28, p. 112-129.

Crick, I.H., C.J. Boreham, A.C. Cook, and T.G. Powell, 1988, Petroleum geology and geochemistry of middle Proterozoic McArthur basin, northern Australia II: assessment of source rock potential: AAPG Bulletin, v. 72, p. 1495-1514.

Darby, J.D., and G.F. Hart, 1994, Organic sedimentation in a carbonate region, in A. Traverse, ed., Sedimentation of organic particles: Cambridge University Press, p. 177-197.

Davies, J.R., A. McNestry, and R.A. Waters, 1991, Palaeoenvironments and palynofacies of a pulsed transgression: the Late Devonian and early Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) rocks of southeast Wales: Geological Magazine, v. 128, p. 355-380.

Dembicki, H., Jr., 2009, Three common source rock evaluation errors made by geologists during prospect or play appraisals: AAPG Bulletin, v. 93, p. 341-356.

Derenne, S., C. Largeau, E. Casadevall, C. Berkaloff, and B. Rousseau, 1991, Chemical evidence of kerogen formation in source rocks and oil shales via selective preservation of thin resistant outer walls of microalgae: origin of ultralaminae: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 1041-1050.

Derenne, S., F. Le Berre, C. Largeau, P. Hatcher, J. Connan, and J.F. Raynaud, 1992, Formation of ultralaminae in marine kerogens via selective preservation of thin resistant outer walls of microalgae, in C.B. Eckardt, J.R. Maxwell, S.R. Larter, and D.A.C. Manning, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1991, part II. Advances and applications in energy and the natural environment: Organic Geochemistry, v. 19, p. 345-350.

di Primio, R., and B. Horsfield, 2006, From petroleum-type organofacies to hydrocarbon phase prediction: AAPG Bulletin, v. 90, p. 1031-1058.

Dow, W.G., and D.I., O'Connor, 1982, Kerogen maturity and type by reflected light microscopy applied to petroleum exploration, in F.L. Staplin and others, How to assess maturation and paleotemperatures: SEPM Short Course 7, p. 133-157.

Durand, B., 1980, Sedimentary organic matter and kerogen. Definition and quantitative importance of kerogen, in B. Durand, ed., Kerogen. Insoluble organic matter from sedimentary rocks: Paris, Editions Technip, p. 13-34.

Ebukanson, E.J., and R.R.F. Kinghorn, 1985, Kerogen facies in the major Jurassic mudrock formations of southern England and the implication on the depositional environments of their precursors: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 8, p. 435-462.

Ercegovac, M., and A. Kostić, 2006, Organic facies and palynofacies: nomenclature, classification and applicability for petroleum source rock evaluation: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 68, p. 70-78.

Felix, C., and P. Burbridge, 1986, Variables to be considered in kerogen microscopy: The Texas Journal of Science, v. 38, p. 139-145.

Flaviano, C., F. Le Berre, S. Derenne, C. Largeau, and J. Connan, 1994, First indications of the formation of kerogen amorphous fractions by selective preservation. Role of non-hydrolysable macromolecular constituents of Eubacterial cell walls, in N. Telnaes, and others, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1993: Organic Geochemistry, v. 22, p. 759-771.

Frank, M.C., and R.V. Tyson, 1995, Parasequence-scale organic facies variations through an early Carboniferous Yoredale cyclothem, Middle Limestone Group, Scremerston, Northumberland: Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 152, part 1, p. 41-50.

Ganz, H., and W. Kalkreuth, 1990, The potential of infrared spectroscopy for the classification of kerogen, coal and bitumen: Erdol und Kohle - Erdgas - Petrochemie, v. 43, p. 116-117.

Gelin, F., J.K. Volkman, C. Largeau, S. Derenne, J.S. Sinninghe Damste, and J.W. De Leeuw, 1999, Distribution of aliphatic, nonhydrolyzable biopolymers in marine microalgae: Organic Geochemistry, v. 30, p. 147-159.

Glikson, M., and G.H. Taylor, 1986, Cyanobacterial mats: major contributors to the organic matter in Toolebuc Formation oil shales, in D.I. Gravestock, P.S. Moore, and G.M. Pitt, eds., Contributions to the geology and hydrocarbon potential of the Eromanga basin: Geological Society of Australia Special Publication 12, p. 273-286.

Glikson, M., K. Lindsay, and J. Saxby, 1989, Botryococcus - a planktonic green alga, the source of petroleum throught the ages: transmission electron microscopical studies of oil shales and petroleum source rocks: Organic Geochemistry, v. 14, p. 595-608.

Goodarzi, F., 1985, Reflected light microscopy of chitinozoan fragments: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 2, p. 72-78.

Goodarzi, F., and L.D. Stasiuk, 1987, Amorphous kerogen: bituminite in the Second White Speckled Shale, southern Saskatchewan, in Current research part A: Geological Society of Canada Paper 87-1A, p. 349-352.

Graham, S.A., and L.A. Williams, 1985, Tectonic, depositional, and diagenetic history of Monterey Formation (Miocene), central San Joaquin basin, California: AAPG Bulletin, v. 69, p. 385-411.

Grayson, J.F., 1975, Relationship of palynomorph translucency to carbon and hydrocarbons in clastic sediments, in B. Alpern, ed., Petrographie de la matiere organique des sediments, relations avec la paleotemperature et le potentiel petrolier: Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, p. 261-273.

Graz, Y., C. Di-Giovanni, Y. Copard, F. Laggoun-Défarge, M. Boussafir, E. Lallier-Vergès, P. Baillif, L. Perdereau, and A. Simonneau, 2010, Quantitative palynofacies analysis as a new tool to study transfers of fossil organic matter in recent terrestrial environments: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 84, p. 49-62.

Gregory, W.A., Jr., and G.F. Hart, 1990, Subdivision of Wilcox Group (Sabinian) argillaceous sediments using particulate organic matter: Palynology, v. 14, p. 105-121.

Gregory, W.A., E.W. Chinn, R. Sadden, and G.F. Hart, 1991, Fluorescence microscopy of particulate organic matter: Sparta Formation and Wilcox Group, south central Louisiana: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 1-9.

Guennel, G.K., 1981, Oil from pollen and spores, in J. Brooks, ed., Organic maturation studies and fossil fuel exploration: San Francisco, Academic Press, p. 303-318.

Gutjahr, C.C.M., 1983, Introduction to incident-light microscopy of oil and gas source rocks: Geologie en Mijnbouw, v. 62, p. 417-425.

Habib, D., Y. Eshet, and R. Van Pelt, 1994, Palynology of sedimentary cycles, in A. Traverse, ed., Sedimentation of organic particles: Cambridge University Press, p. 311-335.

Hagemann, H.W., 1974, Petrographische und palynologische untersuchung der organischen substanz (kerogen) in den Liassischen sedimenten Luxemburgs, in B. Tissot and F. Bienner, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1973: Paris, Editions Technip, p. 29-37.

Hagemann, H.W., 1993, Organic petrology, recent developments and state of the art: 12th International Congress of Stratigraphy and Geology of the Carboniferous and Permian, Comptes Rendus, v. 1, p. 61-82.

Haq, B.U., and A. Boersma, eds., 1978, Introduction to marine micropaleontology: New York, Elsevier, 376 p.

Hart, G.F., 1986, Origin and classification of organic matter in clastic systems: Palynology, v. 10, p. 1-23.

Hart, G.F., 1994, Maceral palynofacies of the Louisiana deltaic plain in terms of organic constituents and hydrocarbon potential, in A. Traverse, ed., Sedimentation of organic particles: Cambridge University Press, p. 141-176.

Hart, G.F., M.A. Pasley, and W.A. Gregory, 1994, Particulate organic matter, maceral facies models, and applications to sequence stratigraphy, in A. Traverse, ed., Sedimentation of organic particles: Cambridge University Press, p. 337-390.

Hartgers, W.A., J.S. Sinninghe Damste, J.W. De Leeuw, Y. Ling, and J.C. Crelling, 1995, The influence of mineral matter on the separation of amorphous marine kerogens using density gradient centrifugation: Organic Geochemistry, v. 23, p. 777-784.

Hartmann-Stroup, C., 1987, The effect of organic matter type and organic carbon content on Rock-Eval hydrogen index in oil shales and source rocks: Organic Geochemistry, v. 11, p. 351-369.

Haseldonckx, P., 1979, Relation of palynomorph colour and sedimentary organic matter to thermal maturation and hydrocarbon generating potential, in Generation and maturation of hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins: United Nations ESCAP, CCOP Technical Publication 6, p. 41-53.

Hodge, C.C., N.J. Russell, and M. Smyth, 1989, The significance of hydrocarbon shows and oil recoveries in the Longreach area, central Queensland: APEA Journal, v. 29, part 1, p. 157-174.

Horsfield, B., 1990, Evaluating kerogen type according to source quality, compositional heterogeneity and thermallability: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 65, p. 357-365.

Hutton, A.C., A.J. Kantsler, A.C. Cook, and D.M. McKirdy, 1980, Organic matter in oil shales: APEA Journal, v. 20, part 1, p. 44-67.

Hutton, A.C., 1986, Classification of Australian oil shales: Energy Exploration and Exploitation, v. 4, p. 81-93.

Hutton, A.C., 1986, Classification of oil shales - a petrographic approach, in J.H. Gary, ed., Nineteenth Oil Shale Symposium Proceedings: Golden, Colorado School of Mines Press, p. 27-37.

Hutton, A.C., 1987, Petrographic classification of oil shales: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 8, p. 203-231.

Hutton, A.C., 1991, Fluorescence microscopy in oil shale and coal studies, in C.E. Barker and O.C. Kopp, eds., Luminescence microscopy and spectroscopy: qualitative and quantitative applications: SEPM Short Course 25, p. 107-115.

Hutton, A.C., 1994, Organic petrography and oil shales: University of Kentucky, Center for Applied Energy Research, Energeia, v. 5, no. 5, p. 1-4.

Hutton, A., S. Bharati, and T. Robl, 1994, Chemical and petrographic classification of kerogen/macerals: Energy & Fuels, v. 8, p. 1478-1488.

Hutton, A.C., 1995, Organic petrography: principles and techniques, in C. Snape, ed., Composition, geochemistry and conversion of oil shales: Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, NATO ASI Series C, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, v. 455, p. 1-16.

Hutton, A.C., 1995, Organic petrography of oil shales, in C. Snape, ed., Composition, geochemistry and conversion of oil shales: Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, NATO ASI Series C, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, v. 455, p. 17-33.

Jacobson, S.R., J.R. Hatch, S.C. Teerman, and R.A. Askin, 1988, Middle Ordovician organic matter assemblages and their effect on Ordovician-derived oils: AAPG Bulletin, v. 72, p. 1090-1100.

Jacobson, S.R., 1991, Petroleum source rocks and organic facies, in R.K. Merrill, ed., Source and migration processes and evaluation techniques: AAPG Treatise Handbook 1, p. 3-11.

Jenden, P.D., and I.R. Kaplan, 1989, Origin of natural gas in Sacramento basin, California: AAPG Bulletin, v. 73, p. 431-453.

Jones, R.W., and T.A. Edison, 1978, Microscopic observations of kerogen related to geochemical parameters with emphasis on thermal maturation, in D.F. Oltz, ed., Low temperature metamorphism of kerogen and clay minerals: Symposium in Geochemistry, The Pacific Section, SEPM, p. 1-12.

Jones, R.W., 1987, Organic facies, in J. Brooks and D. Welte, eds., Advances in petroleum geochemistry: London, Academic Press, v. 2, p. 1-90.

Jones, R.W., 1995, Micropalaeontology in petroleum exploration: New York, Oxford University Press, 416 p.

Kantsler, A.J., 1980, Aspects of organic petrology with particular reference to the exinite group of macerals, in A.C. Cook and A.J. Kantsler, eds., Oil shale petrology workshop: Wollongong, Keiraville Kopiers, p. 16-42.

Kantsler, W., and A.C. Cook, 1979, Maturation patterns in the Perth basin: APEA Journal, v. 19, p. 94-107.

Khandelwal, A., and H.P. Gupta, 1993, Organodebris analysis of Chilka Lake, Orissa, India: an assessment of depositional environment: Palaeobotanist, v. 42, p. 215-224.

Kinghorn, R.R.F., and M. Rahman, 1980, The density separation of different maceral groups of organic matter dispersed in sedimentary rocks: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 2, p. 499-554.

Kinghorn, R.R.F., and M. Rahman, 1983, Specific gravity as a kerogen type and maturation indicator with special reference to amorphous kerogen: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 6, p. 179-194.

Korchagina, Y.I. and N.B. Vassoevich, 1974, Identification of bituminoid genetic types, in B. Tissot and F. Bienner, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1973: Paris, Editions Technip, p. 523-529.

Kruge, M.A., J.F. Hubert, D.F. Bensley, J.C. Crelling, R.J. Akes, and P.E. Meriney, 1990, Organic geochemistry of a Lower Jurassic synrift lacustrine sequence, Hartford basin, Connecticut, U.S.A., in B. Durand and F. Behar, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1989, part II, molecular geochemistry: Organic Geochemistry, v. 16, p. 689-701.

Langrock, U., and R. Stein, 2004, Origin of marine petroleum source rocks from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Norwegian Greenland seaway—evidence for stagnation and upwelling: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 21, p. 157-176.

Largeau, C., S. Derenne, E. Casadevall, C. Berkaloff, M. Corolleur, B. Lugardon, J.F. Raynaud, and J. Connan, 1990, Occurrence and origin of "ultralaminar" structures in "amorphous" kerogens of various source rocks and oil shales, in B. Durand and F. Behar, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1989, part II, molecular geochemistry: Organic Geochemistry, v. 16, p. 889-895.

Largeau, C., S. Derenne, F. Le Berre, and J. Connan, 1994, Non-hydrolysable macromolecules of bacterial cell walls. Role in kerogen formation. Petrographic and chemical features of derived kerogens: Bulletin Des Centres De Recherches Exploration-Production, v. 18, Special Publication, p. 283-285.

Larter, S.R., 1985, Integrated kerogen typing in the recognition and quantitative assessment of petroleum source rocks, in B.M. Thomas, et al., eds., Petroleum geochemistry in exploration of the Norwegian Shelf: London, Graham & Trotman, p. 269-286.

Leythaeuser, D., H.W. Hagemann, A. Hollerbach, and R.G. Schaefer, 1980, Hydrocarbon generation in source beds as a function of type and maturation of their organic matter: a mass balance approach, in Proceedings of the 10th World Petroleum Congress, v. 2: Philadelphia, Heyden & Son, Inc., p. 31-41.

Lo, H.-B., 1988, Photometric methods for measuring the thermal maturity on strew-mounted kerogen slides: Organic Geochemistry, v. 12, p. 303-307.

Lorente, M.A., 1991, The Amsterdam palynological organic matter classification, International Committee for Palynological Organic Matter Classification: TSOP Newsletter, v. 8, no. 3, p. 6-7.

Macauley, G., L.R. Snowdon, and F.D. Ball, 1985, Geochemistry and geological factors governing exploitation of selected Canadian oil shale deposits: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 85-13, 65 p.

Macauley, G., M.G. Fowler, F. Goodarzi, L.R. Snowdon, and L.D. Stasiuk, 1990, Ordovician oil shale-source rock sediments in the central and eastern Canada mainland and eastern Arctic areas, and their significance for frontier exploration: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 90-14, 51 p.

Magoon, L.B., and K.J. Bird, 1988, Evaluation of petroleum source rocks in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, using organic-carbon content, hydrocarbon content, visual kerogen, and vitrinite reflectance, in G. Cryc, ed., Geology and exploration of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 1974-1982: USGS Professional Paper 1399, p. 381-450.

Marynowski, L., and M. Zatoń, 2010, Organic matter from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) deposits of Lithuania: Compositions, sources and depositional environments: Applied Geochemistry, v. 25, p. 933-946.

Masran, T.C., and S.A.J. Pocock, 1981, The classification of plant-derived particulate organic matter in sedimentary rocks, in J. Brooks, eds., Organic maturation studies and fossil fuel exploration: San Francisco, Academic Press, p. 145-175.

Massoud, M.S., and R.R.F. Kinghorn, 1985, A new classification for the organic components of kerogen: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 8, p. 85-100.

Massoud, M.S., A.C. Scott, S.D. Killops, D. Mattey, and M.L. Keeley, 1993, Oil source rock potential of the lacustrine Jurassic Sim Uuju Formation, west Korea Bay basin, part II: nature of the organic matter and hydrocarbon-generation history: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 16, p. 265-284.

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