Oil Shale

Selected References - revised December, 2011

   These bibliographic references have been compiled as a TSOP project, and organic petrologists have found the references to be useful in their work. They should be available at university or geological research center libraries. They are not available from TSOP, except for those listed on our Publications page, or as part of the TSOP Newsletter.

Andersson, Astrid, and others, 1985, The Scandinavian alum shales: Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Avhandlingar Och Uppsatser I A4, Ser. Ca, nr. 56, 50 p.

Anonymous, 2005, Study assesses future for oil shales: American Oil & Gas Reporter, v. 48, no. 10, p. 171-172.

Anonymous, 2009, NOSA provides facts about oil shale: American Oil & Gas Reporter, v. 52, no. 4, p. 175-176.

Anonymous, 2009, Report estimates shale oil resource: American Oil & Gas Reporter, v. 52, no. 5, p. 43.

ASTM, 1980, Standard method of test for oil from oil shale: Annual Book of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards, Part 25, D 3904-80, p. 513-515.

Bauert, H., 1994, The Baltic oil shale basin: an overview, in Proceedings 1993 Eastern Oil Shale Symposium: Lexington, University of Kentucky Institute for Mining and Minerals Research, p. 411-421.

Biglarbigi, K., H. Mohan, and J. Killen, 2009, Oil shale—1. US, world possess rich resource base: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 107.3, p. 56-61.

Biglarbigi, K., H. Mohan, M. Carolus, and J. Killen, 2009, Oil shale—3. Analytic approach estimates oil shale development economics: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 107.5, p. 48-53.

Biglarbigi, K., J. Killen, and M. Carolus, 2010, Analysis sees potential for shale oil: American Oil & Gas Reporter, v. 53, no. 2, p. 62-67.

Boak, J., 2008, Estimate of carbon dioxide production for in-situ production of shale oil from the Green River Formation in western Colorado: Proceedings of the 27th Oil Shale Symposium, Colorado Energy Research Institute Document 2008-1, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (CD-ROM) http://www.ceri-mines.org/oilshaleresearch.htm

Boak, J., 2009, One million barrels of shale oil per day: How and how soon?: Oil Shale Symposium, Tallinn, Estonia, June 2009.

Boak, J., and E. Mattson, 2010, Water use for in-situ production of oil from oil shale: Proceedings of the 29th Oil Shale Symposium, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (CD-ROM)

Bradley, W.H., 1931, Origin and microfossils of the oil shale of the Green River Formation of Colorado and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 168.

Brendow, K., 2003, Global oil shale issues and perspectives: Oil Shale, v. 20, p. 81-92.

Brownfield, M.E., Johnson, R.C., Self, J.G., and Mercier, T.J., 2009, Nahcolite resources in the Green River Formation, Piceance Basin, northwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009–3011, 4 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3011/

Brownfield, M.E., J.G. Self, and T.J. Mercier, 2011, Fischer Assay histograms of oil-shale drill cores and rotary cuttings from the Great Divide, Green River, and Washakie Basins, southwestern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey, Digital Data Series DDS-69-DD, chapter 6, 9 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-dd/REPORTS/69_DD_CH_6.pdf

Bunger, J.W., P.M. Crawford, and H.R. Johnson, 2004, Hubbert revisited—5. Is oil shale America’s answer to peak-oil challenge?: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 102.30, p. 16-18, 20, 22-24. (http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves/publications/Pubs-NPR/40010-373.pdf)

Burnham, A.K., 1995, Chemical kinetics and oil shale process design, in C. Snape, ed., Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Composition, Geochemistry, and Conversion of Oil Shales: Akcay, Turkey, July 1993, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 263-276.

Cane, R.F., 1976, The origin and formation of oil shale, in T.F. Yen and G.V. Chilingarian, eds., Oil shale: Elsevier, p. 27-60.

Cardott, B.J., 2005, Overview of unconventional energy resources of Oklahoma, in B.J. Cardott, ed., Unconventional energy resources in the southern Midcontinent, 2004 symposium: Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 110, p. 7-18.

Carroll, A.R., 2009, Prospects and progress in the Green River Formation oil shale, western United States, in T. Carr, T. D’Agostino, W. Ambrose, J. Pashin, and N.C. Rosen, eds., Unconventional energy resources: making the unconventional conventional: 29th Annual GCSSEPM Foundation Bob F. Perkins Research Conference, CD-ROM, p. 388-395.

Cashion, W.B., and J.R. Donnell, 1972, Chart showing correlation of selected key units in the organic-rich sequence of the Green River Formation, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado, and Uinta Basin, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey, Oil and Gas Investigations Chart OC-65.

Charpentier, R.R., W. de Witt, Jr., G.E. Claypool, L.D. Harris, R.F. Mast, J.D. Megeath, J.B. Roen, and J.W. Schmoker, 1993, Estimates of unconventional natural gas resources of the Devonian shales of the Appalachian Basin, in J.B. Roen and R.C. Kepferle, eds., Petroleum geology of the Devonian and Mississippian black shale of eastern North America: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1909, p. N1-N14.

Clark, J.R., 2007, Task force: US can shrink oil gap with unconventional fuels: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 105.41, p. 20-26.

Clark, J.R., 2008, Nuclear heat advances oil shale refining in situ: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 106.30, p. 22-24.

Colorado School of Mines, 1968, Proceedings of the first five oil shale symposia, 1964-1968: Quarterly of the Colorado School of Mines, v. 59 no. 3, v. 60 no. 3, v. 61 no. 3, v. 62 no. 3, v. 63 no. 4.

Conant, L.C., and V.E. Swanson, 1961, Chattanooga Shale and related rocks of central Tennessee and nearby areas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 357, 91 p. (see p. 3)

Condit, D.D., 1919, Oil shale in western Montana, southeastern Idaho, and adjacent parts of Wyoming and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 711-B, p. 15-40.

Cook, A.C., 1980, Optical techniques for the examination of organic matter in oil shales, in A.C. Cook and A. Kantsler, eds., Oil shale petrology workshop: Wollongong, Keiraville Kopiers, p. 1-15.

Cook, A.C., A.C. Hutton, and N.R. Sherwood, 1981, Classification of oil shales: Bulletin Des Centres De Recherches Exploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine, v. 5, p. 353-381.

Cook, A.C., and N.R. Sherwood, 1991, Classification of oil shales, coals, and other organic-rich rocks: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 211-222.

Crawford, P.M., K. Biglarbigi, E. Knaus, and J. Killen, 2009, Oil shale—2. New approaches overcome past technical issues: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 107.4, p. 44-49.

Crisp, P.T., J. Ellis, A.C. Hutton, J. Korth, F.A. Martin, and J.D. Saxby, 1987, Australian oil shales: a compendium of geological and chemical data: CSIRO Institute of Energy and Earth Resources, Division of Fossil Fuels, North Ryde, NSW, Australia, 109 p.

Dittrick, P., 2008, US oil shale resources look promising yet still uncertain: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 106.39, p. 22-26.

Donnell, J.R., and R.W. Blair, 1970, Resource appraisal of three rich oil-shale zones in the Green River Formation, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado: Colorado School of Mines Quarterly, v. 65, p. 73-87.

Donnell, J.R., 1991, Oil shale, in H.J. Gluskoter, D.D. Rice, and R.B. Taylor, eds., Economic geology, U.S.: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. P-2, p. 183-188.

Duey, R., 2010, Oil shale may put Jordan on the road to energy independence: Hart’s E&P, v. 83, no. 1, p. 63.

Duncan, D.C., and V.E. Swanson, 1965, Organic-rich shale of the United States and world land areas: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 523, 30 p.

Duncan, D.C., 1976, Geologic setting of oil shales and world prospects, in T.F. Yen and G.V. Chilingarian, eds., Oil shale: Elsevier, p. 13-26.

Dushenko, V., H. Mere, I. Shcheglov, T. Tiikma, and A. Vrager, 2004, Laboratory test rig for combusting Estonian oil shale in circulating fluidized bed: Oil Shale, v. 21, p. 161-172.

Dyni, J.R., and others, 1989, Comparison of hydroretorting, Fischer assay, and Rock-Eval analyses of some world oil shales, in Proceedings 1989 Eastern Oil Shale Symposium: Lexington, University of Kentucky Institute for Mining and Minerals Research, p. 270-286.

Dyni, J.R., ed., 2003, Unconventional energy resources of North America: AAPG Special Publication, EMD Poster.

Dyni, J.R., 2003, Geology and resources of some world oil-shale deposits: Oil Shale, v. 20, p. 193-252.

Dyni, J.R., 2006, Oil shale developments in the United States: Oil Shale, v. 23, p. 97-98.

Dyni, J.R., and R.C. Johnson, 2006, Will oil shale be a major player?: AAPG Explorer, v. 27, no. 5, p. 41, 39.

Dyni, J.R., 2006, Geology and resources of some world oil-shale deposits: USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5294, 42 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5294/)

Dyni, J.R., 2008, Preliminary stratigraphic cross sections of oil shale in the Eocene Green River Formation, Uinta Bsain, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1220, 11 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1220/

Eseme, E., R. Littke, and B.M. Krooss, 2006, Factors controlling the thermo-mechanical deformation of oil shales: implications for compaction of mudstones and exploitation: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 23, p. 715-734.

Fatimah, and C.R. Ward, 2009, Mineralogy and organic petrology of oil shales in the Sangkarewang Formation, Ombilin Basin, west Sumatra, Indonesia: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 77, p. 424-435.

Fei, Y., M. Marshall, W.R. Jackson, M.L. Gorbaty, M.W. Amer, P.J. Cassidy, and A.L. Chaffee, 2012, Evaluation of several methods of extraction of oil from a Jordanian oil shale: Fuel, v. 92, p. 281-287.

Fischer, P.A., 2005, Hopes for shale oil are revived: World Oil, v. 226, no. 8, p. 69-74.

Fischer, P.A., 2008, Shale oil pilot projects proliferate: World Oil, v. 229, no. 8.

Fletcher, S., 2005, Industry, US government take new look at oil shale: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 103.15, p. 26-28. (April 18, 2005)

Fu, X., J. Wang, Y. Zeng, Z. Li, and Z. Wang, 2009, Geochemical and palynological investigation of the Shengli River marine oil shale (China): Implications for paleoenvironment and paleoclimate: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 78, p. 217-224.

Fu, X., J. Wang, Y. Zeng, F. Tan, and X. Feng, 2010, REE geochemistry of marine oil shale from the Changshe Mountain area, northern Tibet, China: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 81, p. 191-199.

Fu, X., J. Wang, Y. Zeng, F. Tan, and X. Feng, 2011, Concentration and mode of occurrence of trace elements in marine oil shale from the Bilong Co area, northern Tibet, China: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 85, p. 112-122.

Fu, X., J. Wang, Y. Zeng, F. Tan, X. Feng, and W. Chen, 2011, Geochemistry of platinum group elements in marine oil shale from the Changshe Mountain area (China): Implications for modes of occurrence and origins: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 86, p. 169-176.

Gavin, M.J., 1922, Oil-shale. An historical, technical, and economic study: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 210, 201 p.

Guthrie, B., 1938, Studies of certain properties of oil shale and shale oil: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 415, 159 p.

Hutton, A.C., A.J. Kantsler, A.C. Cook, and D.M. McKirdy, 1980, Organic matter in oil shales: The APEA Journal, v. 20, pt. 1, p. 44-67.

Hutton, A.C., 1985, Organic petrography of the Rundle-Stuart oil shale deposit, Queensland: Australian Coal Geology, v. 5, p. 25-51.

Hutton, A.C., and D.A. Henstridge, 1985, Pyrolysis of Tertiary oil shale by a dolerite intrusion, Stuart deposit, Queensland, Australia: Fuel, v. 64, p. 546-552.

Hutton, A.C., 1985, Determination of shale oil yields by petrographic analysis: Fuel, v. 64, p. 1058-1062.

Hutton, A.C., 1986, Duaringa—a bipartite oil shale deposit: Australian Coal Geology, v. 6, p. 27-40.

Hutton, A.C., 1986, Classification of Australian oil shales: Energy Exploration & Exploitation, v. 4, p. 81-93.

Hutton, A.C., 1986, Classification of oil shales—a petrographic approach, in J.H. Gary, ed., Nineteenth Oil Shale Symposium Proceedings: Golden, Colorado School of Mines Press, p. 27-37.

Hutton, A.C., J. Korth, P.T. Crisp, and J. Ellis, 1986, Low temperature pyrolysis of three Tertiary oil shales from Queensland, Australia; a comparative chemical and petrographic study: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, v. 9, p. 323-333.

Hutton, A.C., 1987, Petrographic classification of oil shales: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 8, p. 203-231.

Hutton, A.C., 1987, Petrographic approach to beneficiation of Australian oil shales: Fuel, v. 66, p. 314-318.

Hutton, A.C., 1988, The lacustrine Condor oil shale sequence, in Lacustrine petroleum source rocks: Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Geological Society Special Publication 40, p. 329-340.

Hutton, A.C., 1991, Fluorescence microscopy in oil shale and coal studies, in C.E. Barker and O.C. Kopp, eds., Luminescence microscopy and spectroscopy: quantitative and qualitative aspects: SEPM Short Course 25, p. 107-115.

Hutton, A.C., 1995, Organic petrography of oil shales, in C. Snape, ed., Composition, geochemistry and conversion of oil shales: Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, NATO ASI Series C, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, v. 455, p. 17-33.

Hycrude, 1986, Beneficiation-hydroretorting of U.S. oil shales: Chicago, IL, Hycrude Corporation, Annual status report, variously paginated, U.S.D.O.E. Grant No. DE-FG21-85LC111066.

Johnson, E.A., 1990, Geology of the Fushun coalfield, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 14, p. 217-236.

Johnson, H.R., P.M. Crawford, and J.W. Bunger, 2004, Strategic significance of America’s oil shale resource, v.1, Assessment of strategic issues: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, 45 p. http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves/publications/Pubs-NPR/npr_strategic_significancev1.pdf

Johnson, H.R., P.M. Crawford, and J.W. Bunger, 2004, Strategic significance of America’s oil shale resource, v. 2, Oil shale resources, technology, and economics: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, 57 p. http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves/publications/Pubs-NPR/npr_strategic_significancev2.pdf

Johnson, R.C., T.J. Mercier, M.E. Brownfield, M.P. Bantea, and J.G. Self, 2009, Assessment of in-place oil shale resources of the Green River Formation, Piceance Basin, western Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 2009-3012, 6 p.

Johnson, R.C., Mercier, T.J., Brownfield, M.E., and Self, J.G., 2010, Assessment of in-place oil shale resources of the Green River Formation, Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3010, 4 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3010/

Johnson, R.C., T.J. Mercier, M.E. Brownfield, M.P. Pantea, and J.G. Self, 2010, An assessment of in-place oil shale resources in the Green River Formation, Piceance Basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey, Digital Data Series DDS-69-Y, chapter 1, 197 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-y/REPORTS/69_Y_CH_1.pdf

Johnson, R.C., T.J. Mercier, M.E. Brownfield, and J.G. Self, 2010, Assessment of in-place oil shale resources in the Eocene Green River Formation, Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey, Digital Data Series DDS-69-BB, chapter 1, 162 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-bb/REPORTS/69_BB_CH_1.pdf

Johnson, R.C., T.J. Mercier, R.T. Ryder, M.E. Brownfield, and J.G. Self, 2011, Assessment of in-place oil shale resources of the Eocene Green River Formation, Greater Green River Basin, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey, Digital Data Series DDS-69-DD, chapter 1, 68 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-dd/REPORTS/69_DD_CH_1.pdf

Kalkreuth, W., and G. Macauley, 1984, Organic petrology of selected oil shale samples from the lower Carboniferous Albert Formation, New Brunswick, Canada: Bulletin Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 32, p. 38-51.

Karrick, L.C., 1926, Manual of testing methods for oil shale and shale oil: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 249.

Kattai, V., and U. Lokk, 1998, Historical review of the kukersite oil shale exploration in Estonia: Oil Shale, v. 15, p. 102-110.

Kekisheva, L., N. Krainyukova, Y. Zhirjakov, and J. Soone, 2004, A review of basic methods of extraction of neutral oxygen compounds from shale oil, their composition and properties: Oil Shale, v. 21, p. 173-178.

Knaus, E., and J. Killen, 2009, Oil shale—conclusion. Technology may control adverse environmental effects: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 107.6, p. 42-45.

Korth, J., A.C. Hutton, and J. Ellis, 1990, A comparison of microscale pyrolysis and organic petrography for the estimation of yield from oil shale: Organic Geochemistry, v. 15, p. 477-483.

Lille, U., 2004, Behavior of Estonian Kukersite kerogen in molecular mechanical force field: Oil Shale, v. 21, p. 99-114.

Liu, C., C. Che, J. Zhu, and H. Yang, 2010, China’s endowment—2. China assesses unconventional land oil shale, oil sands, coal gas resources: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 108.15, p. 36-39.

Macauley, G., 1981, Geology of the oil shale deposits of Canada: Geological Survey of Canada Open-File Report OF 754, 155 p.

Martins, M.F., S. Salvador, J.-F. Thovert, and G. Debenest, 2009, Co-current combustion of oil shale–Part 1: Characterization of the solid and gaseous products: Fuel, v. 89, p. 144-151.

Martins, M.F., S. Salvador, J.-F. Thovert, and G. Debenest, 2009, Co-current combustion of oil shale–Part 2: Structure of the combustion front: Fuel, v. 89, p. 133-143.

Matthews, R.D., 1983, The Devonian-Mississippian oil shale resource of the United States, in J.H. Gary, ed., Sixteenth Oil Shale Symposium Proceedings: Golden, Colorado School of Mines Press, p. 14-25.

Matveyev, A.K., 1974, Oil shales outside the Soviet Union: Boston, G.K. Hall & Co., Deposits of fossil fuels, v. 4, 120 p.

Mercier, T.J., R.C. Johnson, M.E. Brownfield, and J.G. Self, 2010, In-place oil shale resources underlying federal lands in the Piceance Basin, western Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 2010-3041, 4 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3041/

Mercier, T.J., M.E. Brownfield, and R.C. Johnson, 2011, Methodology for calculating oil shale resources for the Green River and Washakie Basins, southwestern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey, Digital Data Series DDS-69-DD, chapter 2, 52 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-dd/REPORTS/69_DD_CH_2.pdf

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Mercier, T.J., G.L. Gunther, and C.C. Skinner, 2011, The GIS project for the geologic assessment of in-place oil shale resources of the Eocene Green River Formation, Greater Green River Basin, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey, Digital Data Series DDS-69-DD, chapter 3, 5 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-dd/REPORTS/69_DD_CH_3.pdf

Mercier, T.J., 2011, Calculation of overburden above the LaClede bed of the Laney member of the Eocene Green River Formation, Green River and Washakie Basins, southwestern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey, Digital Data Series DDS-69-DD, chapter 4, 10 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-dd/REPORTS/69_DD_CH_4.pdf

Moore, L.R., 1968, Cannel coals, bogheads and oil shales, in D. Murchison and S.T. Westoll, eds., Coal and coal-bearing strata: Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, p. 19-28.

Moritis, G., 2008, Oil shale promise: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 106.41, p. 16.

Moritis, G., 2009, Oil shale adds to energy mix: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 107.42, p. 14.

Mroz, T.H., 2009, The history of US DOE unconventional energy resources in the US, an archive of references available for application of current oil shale and tar sand resources, in T. Carr, T. D’Agostino, W. Ambrose, J. Pashin, and N.C. Rosen, eds., Unconventional energy resources: making the unconventional conventional: 29th Annual GCSSEPM Foundation Bob F. Perkins Research Conference, CD-ROM, p. 396.

Nowacki, P., ed., 1981, Oil shale technical data handbook: Park Ridge, N.J., Noyes Data Corporation, 309 p.

O’Brien, N.R., R.M. Slatt, and J. Senftle, 1994, The significance of oil shale fabric in primary hydrocarbon migration: Fuel, v. 73, p. 1518-1522.

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Padula, V.T., 1969, Oil shale of Permian Irati Formation: AAPG Bulletin, v. 53, p. 591-602.

Permanyer, A., J.L.R. Gallego, M.A. Caja, and D. Dessort, 2010, Crude oil biodegradation and environmental factors at the Riutort oil shale mine, SE Pyrenees: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 33, p. 123-139.

Pitman, J.K., and others, 1989, Thickness, oil-yield, and kriged resource estimates for the Eocene Green River Formation, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Investigations Chart OC-132,

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Regtop, R.A., P.T. Crisp, and J. Ellis, 1982, Chemical characterization of shale oil from Rundle, Queensland: Fuel, v. 61, p. 185-192.

Rogers, M.P., M. Rinehart, and D. Forster, 1977, A bibliography of publications dealing with oil shale and shale oil from U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1917-1974, and the Era Laramie Energy Research Center, 1975-1976: U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Laramie Energy Research Center, 51 p.

Rühl, W., 1982, Tar (extra heavy oil) sands and oil shales, in H. Beckmann, ed., Geology of petroleum: Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke Publishers, v. 6, 149 p.

Russell, P.L., 1980, History of western oil shale: East Brunswick, N.J., The Center for Professional Advancement, 152 p.

Russell, P.L., 1990, Oil shales of the world, their origin, occurrence and exploitation: New York, Pergamon Press, 753 p.

Sabel, M., A. Bechtel, W. Püttmann, and S. Hoernes, 2005, Palaeoenvironment of the Eocene Eckfeld Maar lake (Germany): implications from geochemical analysis of the oil shale sequence: Organic Geochemistry, v. 36, p. 873-891.

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Saether, O.M., D. Banks, U. Kirso, L. Bityukova, and J.E. Sorlie, 2004, The chemistry and mineralogy of waste from retorting and combustion of oil shale, in R. Gieré and P. Stille, eds., Energy, waste, and the environment: a geochemical perspective: London, Geological Society, Special Publication 236, p. 263-284.

Salvador, A., 2005, Oil shales, in Energy: a historical perspective and 21st century forecast: AAPG Studies in Geology 54, p. 89-94.

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Schlatter, L.E., 1969, Deposition, formation, and classification of oil shale, in Selected papers U.N. oil-shale symposium: Cameron and Jones, Inc., v. 2, p. 44-49.

Self, J.G., R.T. Ryder, R.C. Johnson, M.E. Brownfield, and T.J. Mercier, 2011, Stratigraphic cross sections of the Eocene Green River Formation in the Green River Basin, southwestern Wyoming, northwestern Colorado, and northeastern Utah: U.S. Geological Survey, Digital Data Series DDS-69-DD, chapter 5, 11 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-dd/REPORTS/69_DD_CH_5.pdf

Sener, M., and M.N. Gundogdu, 1996, Geochemical and petrographic investigation of Himmetoglu oil shale, Goynuk, Turkey: Fuel, v. 75, p. 1313-1322.

Sherwood, N.R., and A.C. Cook, 1984, Low rank oil shales: part 1—organic petrology: The University of Wollongong, Department of Geology, Final Project Report to the Department of National Development and Energy on NERD&D Program Project 79/9014, 320 p.

Shurtleff, K., and D. Doyle, 2008, Single well, single gas phase technique is key to unique method of extracting oil vapors from oil shale: World Oil, v. 229, no. 3, p. 118-122, 127.

Sladek, T.A., 1975, Recent trends in oil shale—part 3. Shale oil refining and some oil shale problems: Colorado School of Mines Research Institute, Mineral Industries Bulletin, v. 18, no. 2.

Smith, J.W., 1976, Oil shale and tar sands: New York, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, AIChE Symposium Series, v. 72, no. 155, 78 p.

Smith, J.W., 1980, Oil shale resources of the United States: Golden, Colorado School of Mines Mineral and Energy Resources, v. 23, no. 6, 30 p.

Snape, C., ed., Composition, geochemistry and conversion of oil shales: Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, NATO ASI Series C, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, v. 455, 505 p.

Snow, N., 2007, US House votes to delay oil shale leasing, development: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 105.26, p. 25.

Snow, N., 2008, Oil shale debate becomes ‘chicken-or-the-egg’ question: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 106.20, p. 27-29.

Snow, N., 2008, BLM finalizes oil shale regulations: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 106.44, p. 28-29.

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