Combustion

Selected References - revised December, 2011

   These bibliographic references have been compiled as a TSOP project, and organic petrologists have found the references to be useful in their work. They should be available at university or geological research center libraries. They are not available from TSOP, except for those listed on our Publications page, or as part of the TSOP Newsletter.

Adams, D.M.B., and I.M. Smith, 1995, Sulphates, climate, and coal: Perspectives series no. IEAPER/16, 30 p. (SO2 emissions)

Adanez, J., J.C. Abbanades, and L.F. de Diego, 1994, Determination of coal combustion reactivities by burnout-time measurements in a batch fluidized bed: Fuel, v. 73, p. 287.

Alpert, S.B., 1991, Clean coal technology and advanced coal-based power plants, in J.M. Hollander, ed., Annual Review of Energy and the Environment: Palo Alto, Annual Reviews Inc., Energy and the Environment, v. 16, p. 1-23.

Anonymous, 1993, Coal assessment for maximum combustion efficiency: Erdol und Kohle-Erdgas-Petrochemie, v. 46, no. 11, p. 404.

Attanasi, E.D., 1998, Coal resources, new air quality standards, and sustainability: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 7, p. 271-279.

Badin, E.J., 1984, Coal combustion chemistry-correlation aspects: Coal Science and Technology 6, Elsevier, New York, 259 p.

Bailey, J.G., 1989, Sampling and testing of maceral concentrates for p.f. combustion, in C.G. Thomas and M.G. Strachan, eds., Proceedings of the Macerals ’89 symposium: North Ryde, NSW, CSIRO, p. 6-1 to 6-11. (pulverized fuel)

Bailey, J.G., A.G. Tate, C.F.K. Diessel, and T.F. Wall, 1990, A char morphology system with applications to coal combustion: Fuel, v. 69, p. 225-239.

Baker, D.J., 1998, Light years ahead: University of Kentucky, Center for Applied Energy Research, Energeia, v. 9, no. 5, p. 1-3. (types of combustion)

Ban, H., J.L. Schaefer, and J.M. Stencel, 1995, Electrostatic separation of powdered materials: beneficiation of coal and fly ash: Energeia, v. 6, no. 4, p. 1-3.

Ban, H., T.X. Li, J.C. Hower, J.L. Schaefer, and J.M. Stencel, 1997, Dry triboelectrostatic beneficiation of fly ash: Fuel, v. 76, p. 801-805.

Beamish, B.B., M.A. Barakat, and J.D. St. George, 2001, Spontaneous-combustion propensity of New Zealand coals under adiabatic conditions: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 45, p. 217-224.

Beamish, B.B., and D.G. Blazak, 2005, Relationship between ash content and R70 self-heating rate of Callide coal, in J.C. Hower and S.F. Greb, eds., Geologic hazards in coal mining: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 64, p. 126-132.

Beamish, B.B., and G.R. Hamilton, 2005, Effect of moisture content on the R70 self-heating rate of Callide coal, in J.C. Hower and S.F. Greb, eds., Geologic hazards in coal mining: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 64, p. 133-138.

Beamish, B.B., 2005, Comparison of the R70 self-heating rate of New Zealand and Australian coals to Suggate rank parameter, in J.C. Hower and S.F. Greb, eds., Geologic hazards in coal mining: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 64, p. 139-144.

Beeley, T.J., J.C. Crelling, J.R. Gibbons, R. Hurt, C.K. Man, and J. Williamson, 1995, Coal char reactivity characterisation for burn-out prediction in utility boilers, in J.A. Pajares and J.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: New York, Elsevier, Coal Science and Technology 24, v. 1, p. 615-618.

Bend, S.L., I.A.S. Edwards, and H. Marsh, 1991, Effects of oxidation and weathering on char formation and coal combustion, in H.H. Schobert, K.D. Bartle, and L.J. Lynch, eds., Coal Science II: American Chemical Society, Symposium Series 461, p. 284-298.

Bend, S.L., I.A.S. Edwards, and H. Marsh, 1991, Coal provincialism, coal characterization and char formation: Fuel, v. 70, p. 1147-1150.

Bend, S.L., I.A.S. Edwards, and H. Marsh, 1992, The influence of rank upon char morphology and combustion: Fuel, v. 71, p. 493-501.

Bengtsson, M., 1987, Combustion behavior for a coal containing a high proportion of pseudovitrinite: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 15, p. 201-212.

Bengtsson, M., 1987, Combustion behavior for a range of coals of various origins and petrographic compositions: 1987 International Conference on Coal Science, Elsevier, p. 893-896.

Berkowitz, N., 1994, An introduction to coal technology: Academic Press, 398 p.

Bhangare, R.C., P.Y. Ajmal, S.K. Sahu, G.G. Pandit, and V.D. Puranik, 2011, Distribution of trace elements in coal and combustion residues from five thermal power plants in India: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 86, p. 349-356.

Białecka, B., 2008, Estimation of coal reserves for UCG in the Upper Silesian coal basin, Poland: Natural Resources Research, v. 17, no. 1, p. 21-28.

Borrego, A.G., D. Alvarez, and R. Menendez, 1997, Effects of inertinite content in coal on char structure and combustion: Energy Fuels, v. 11, p. 702-708.

Borrego, A.G., and A.J. Martin, 2010, Variation in the structure of anthracite at a fast heating rate as determined by its optical properties: an example of oxy-combustion conditions in a drop tube reactor: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 81, p. 301-308.

Breit, G.N., and R.B. Finkelman, eds., 1998, Characterization of coal and coal combustion products from a coal-burning power plant; preliminary report and results of analyses: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-0342, 101 p.

Brooks, K., N. Svanas, and D. Glasser, 1988, Evaluating the risk of spontaneous combustion in coal stockpiles: Fuel, v. 67, p. 651-656.

Brownfield, M.E., 2002, Characterization and modes of occurrence of elements in feed coal and fly ash—an integrated approach: U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 038-02, 4 p. (http://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/pub/fact-sheets/fs-0038-02/)

Bullock, J.H., Jr., J.D. Cathcart, and W.J. Betterton, 2002, Analytical methods utilized by the United States Geological Survey for the analysis of coal and coal combustion by-products: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-389, 14 p.

Cao, D., X. Fan, H. Guan, C. Wu, X. Shi, and Y. Jia, 2007, Geological models of spontaneous combustion in the Wuda coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China, in G.B. Stracher, ed., Geology of coal fires: case studies from around the world: GSA Reviews in Engineering Geology 18, p. 23-30.

Cao, Y., Y. Duan, S. Kellie, L. Li, W. Xu, J.T. Riley, W.-P. Pan, P. Chu, A.K. Mehta, and R. Carty, 2005, Impact of coal chlorine on mercury speciation and emission from a 100-MW utility boiler with cold-side electrostatic precipitators and low-NOx burners: Energy Fuels, v. 19, p. 842-854.

Carpenter, A.M., 1988, Coal classification: IEA Coal Research, IEACR/12, 104 p. (chapter 7 is on combustion)

Carpenter, A. and N. Skorupska, 1993, Coal combustion — analysis and testing: IEA Coal Research, IEACR/64, 97 p.

Carpenter, A.M., 1995, Coal blending for power stations: IEA Coal Research, IEACR/81, 83 p.

Carras, J.N., S.J. Day, A. Saghafi, and D.J. Williams, 2009, Greenhouse gas emissions from low-temperature oxidation and spontaneous combustion at open-cut coal mines in Australia: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 78, p. 161-168.

Chandra, D., and Y.V.S. Prasad, 1990, Effect of coalification on spontaneous combustion of coals: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 16, p. 225-229.

Chen, Y., S. Mori, and W.-P. Pan, 1995, Ignition mechanisms of different ranks of coal, in J.A. Pajares and J.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: New York, Elsevier, Coal Science and Technology 24, v. 1, p. 603-606.

Choudhury, N., P. Boral, T. Mitra, A.K. Adak, A. Choudhury, and P. Sarkar, 2007, Assessment of nature and distribution of inertinite in Indian coals for burning characteristics: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 72, p. 141-152.

Choudhury, N., S. Biswas, P. Sarkar, M. Kumar, S. Ghosal, T. Mitra, A. Mukherjee, and A. Choudhury, 2008, Influence of rank and macerals on the burnout behaviour of pulverized Indian coal: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 74, p. 145-153.

Chugh, Y.P., B.M. Sangunett, and K.C. Vories, eds., 1996, Proceedings of coal combustion by-products associated with coal mining: interactive forum: Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, October 29-31, 1996, 303 p.

Clarke, L., 1992, Applications for coal-use residues: IEA Coal Research, IEACR/50, 406 p.

Clemens, A.H., and T.W. Matheson, 1995, Spontaneous heating in New Zealand coals, in J.A. Pajares and J.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: New York, Elsevier, Coal Science and Technology 24, v. 1, p. 481-484.

Cloke, M., and E. Lester, 1994, Characterization of coals for combustion using petrographic analysis: a review: Fuel, v. 73, p. 315-320.

Cooper, B.R., and W.A. Ellingson, 1984, The science and technology of coal and coal utilization: New York, Plenum Press, 666 p.

Couch, G.R., 2002, Coal upgrading to reduce CO2 emissions: International Energy Agency, CCC/67, 72 p.

Crelling, J.C., N.M. Skorupska, and H. Marsh, 1988, Reactivity of coal macerals and lithotypes: Fuel, v. 67, p. 781-785.

Crelling, J.C., E.J. Hippo, B.A. Woerner, and D.P. West, Jr., 1992, Combustion characteristics of selected whole coals and macerals: Fuel, v. 71, p. 151-158.

Crelling, J.C., 1994, Coal combustion under conditions of blast furnace injection (abstract): TSOP Abstracts and Program, v. 11, p. 14.

Crelling, J.C., and K.M. Thomas, 1994, Review of some recent research on the combustion properties of coal macerals: Preprints, American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, v. 39, no. 1, p. 13-17.

Crowley, S.S., R.W. Stanton, and L.F. Ruppert, 1993, Air toxics in coal: the distribution of twelve trace elements in a thick, subbituminous coal bed and impact on mining applications: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 12, p. 141-146.

Crowley, S., R. Reynolds, R. Finkelman, M. Brownfield, C. Palmer, C. Eble, and H. Belkin, 1996, Characterization of Cr, Ni, and Co in fly ash from a coal-burning power plant in Kentucky (abstract): TSOP Abstracts and Program, v. 13, p. 29-31.

Dai, S., W. Li, Y. Tang, Y. Zhang, and P. Feng, 2007, The sources, pathway, and preventive measures for fluorosis in Zhijin County, Guizhou, China: Applied Geochemistry, v. 22, p. 1017-1024.

Dai, S., L. Zhao, S. Peng, C.-L. Chou, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, D. Li, and Y. Sun, 2010, Abundances and distribution of minerals and elements in high-alumina coal fly ash from the Jungar power plant, Inner Mongolia, China: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 81, p. 320-332.

Davidson, R.M., 2000, How coal properties influence emissions: International Energy Agency, CCC/28, 56 p.

Day, J.C., R.H. Jones, and C.B. Belcher, 1979, Evaluation of coals for the metallurgical and power industries: BHP Technical Bulletin, v. 23, no. 2, p. 11-18.

Depoi, F.S., D. Pozebon, and W.D. Kalkreuth, 2008, Chemical characterization of feed coals and combustion-by-products from Brazilian power plants: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 76, p. 227-236.

Diessel, C.F.K., 1992, The nature of inertinite and its effect on hydrogenation, carbonization and combustion (abstract): TSOP Abstracts and Program, v. 9, p. 3-6.

Dong, X., and D. Drysdale, 1995, Retardation of the spontaneous ignition of bituminous coal, in J.A. Pajares and J.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: New York, Elsevier, Coal Science and Technology 24, v. 1, p. 501-504.

Dunham, G.E., R.A. DeWall, and C.L. Senior, 2003, Fixed-bed studies of the interactions between mercury and coal combustion fly ash: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 82, p. 197-213.

Eggleston, J.R., and R.B. Finkelman, 1995, Environmental aspects of carbonate use in energy generation, in L.M.H. Carter, ed., Energy and the environment — application of geosciences to decision-making: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1108, p. 102-103. (fluidized bed combustion)

Ekmann, J.M., S.M. Smouse, J.C. Winslow, M. Ramezan, and N.S. Harding, 1996, Cofiring of coal and waste: London, IEA Coal Research, IEACR/90, 68 p.

Elick, J.M., 2011, Mapping the coal fire at Centralia, PA using thermal infrared imagery: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 87, p. 197-203.

Elswick, E.R., J.C. Hower, A.M. Carmo, T. Sun, and S.M. Mardon, 2007, Sulfur and carbon isotope geochemistry of coal and derived coal-combustion by-products: An example from an eastern Kentucky mine and power plant: Applied Geochemistry, v. 22, p. 2065-2077.

Engle, M.A., L.F. Radke, E.L. Heffern, J.M.K. O’Keefe, C.D. Smeltzer, J.C. Hower, J.M. Hower, A. Prakash, A. Kolker, R.J. Eatwell, A. ter Schure, G. Queen, K.L. Aggen, G.B. Stracher, K.R. Henke, R.A. Olea, and Y. Román-Colón, 2011, Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from coal fires using airborne and ground-based methods: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 88, p. 147-151.

Essenhigh, R.H., 1981, Fundamentals of coal combustion, in M.A. Elliot, ed., Chemistry of coal utilization, 2nd Supplementary Volume: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 1153-1312.

Everson, R.C., H.W.J.P. Neomagus, R. Kaitano, R. Falcon, C. van Alphen, and V.M. du Cann, 2008, Properties of high ash char particles derived from inertinite-rich coal: 1. Chemical, structural and petrographic characteristics: Fuel, v. 87, p. 3082-3090.

Feng, J., 1988, Coal combustion: science and technology of industrial and utility applications: New York, Hemisphere Publications Corp., 1014 p.

Ferraro, M., J. Gelli, and R. Damiani, 1994, An application of petrographic analyses on the combustion of coal (abstract): ICCP News, no. 10, p. 8-9.

Finkelman, R.B., 1993, The use of modes of occurrence information to predict the removal of the hazardous air pollutants prior to combustion: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 12, no. 4, p. 132-134.

Finkelman, R.B., 1995, Environmental impacts of coal utilization phase I. Characterization of solid waste products — a team approach: TSOP Newsletter, v. 12, no. 1, p. 8-9.

Finkelman, R.B., 1998, "Air toxics" from coal combustion: implications for global fossil fuel use (abstract): TSOP Abstracts and Program, v. 15, p. 6-8.

Finkelman, R.B., W. Orem, V. Castranova, C.A. Tatu, H.E. Belkin, B. Zheng, H.E. Lerch, S.V. Maharaj, and A.L. Bates, 2002, Health impacts of coal and coal use: possible solutions: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 50, p. 425-443.

Foner, H.A., T.L. Robl, J.C. Hower, and U.M. Graham, 1999, Characterization of fly ash from Israel with reference to its possible utilization: Fuel, v. 78, p. 215-223.

Friedman, S., P.M. Yavorsky, and S. Akhtar, 1976, Conversion of caking coals to low-sulfur fuel oil in the synthoil process, in C.J. Smith, compiler, Proceedings of the coal agglomeration and conversion symposium: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, p. 147-161.

Furimsky, E., A.D. Palmer, W.D. Kalkreuth, A.R. Cameron, and G. Kovacik, 1990, Prediction of coal reactivity combustion and gasification by using petrographic data: Fuel Process Technology, v. 25, p. 135-151.

Fyfe, W.S., 1999, Clean energy for 10 billion humans in the 21st century: is it possible?: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 40, p. 85-90.

Gentzis, T., and F. Goodarzi, 1989, Organic petrology of a self-burning coal wastepile from Coleman, Alberta, Canada: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 11, p. 257-271.

Gentzis, T., and A. Chambers, 1993, A microscopic study of the combustion residues of subbituminous and bituminous coals from Alberta, Canada: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 24, p. 245-257.

Gentzis, T., and A. Chambers, 1995, Physical structure changes of Canadian coals during combustion: Energy Sources, v. 17, p. 131-149.

Gentzis, T., and A. Chambers, 1995, Combustion properties of macerals from four Alberta coals: Energy Sources, v. 17, p. 655-680.

Gentzis, T., A. Iacchelli, H. Whaley, D.P. Deshpande, and B. Ozüm, 1996, Combustion reactivity of Smoky River coal mine by-products: Energy Sources, v. 18, p. 151-166. "Combustion efficiency could be improved by increasing turbulence intensity in the furnace, by blending the coal with a more reactive fuel, or by reducing the ash content of the coal"

Gibb, W.H., F. Clarke, and A.K. Mehta, 2000, The fate of coal mercury during combustion: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 65, p. 365-377.

Gielisch, H., 2007, Detecting concealed coal fires, in G.B. Stracher, ed., Geology of coal fires: case studies from around the world: GSA Reviews in Engineering Geology 18, p. 199-210.

Goodarzi, F., and J.M. Vleeskens, 1988, Reactivity of bituminous-semianthracitic coals: a reflected light study of their combustion residues (fly ash): Journal of Coal Quality, v. 7, p. 80-85.

Goodarzi, F., T. Gentzis, and R.M. Bustin, 1988, Reflectance and petrology profile of a partially combusted and coked bituminous coal seam from British Columbia: Fuel, v. 67, p. 1218-1222.

Goodarzi, F., and T. Gentzis, 1991, Geological controls on the self-burning of coal seams, in D.C. Peters, ed., Geology in coal resource utilization: Fairfax, VA, TechBooks, p. 559-575.

Goodarzi, F., and D.J. Swaine, 1993, Behavior of Boron in coal during natural and industrial combustion processes: Energy Sources, v. 15, p. 609-622.

Goodarzi, F., 2002, Mineralogical and elemental composition of Canadian feed coal: Fuel, v. 81, p. 1199-1213.

Goodarzi, F., 2004, Speciation and mass-balance of mercury from coal fired power plants burning western Canadian subbituminous coal, Alberta, Canada: Journal of Environmental Monitoring, v. 6, p. 792-798.

Goodarzi, F., 2005, Petrology of subbituminous feed coal as a guide to the capture of mercury by fly ash—influence of depositional environment: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 61, p. 1-12.

Goodarzi, F., 2006, Assessment of elemental content of milled coal, combustion residues, and stack emitted materials: possible environmental effects for a Canadian pulverized coal-fired power plant: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 65, p. 17-25.

Goodarzi, F., J. Reyes, J. Schulz, D. Hollman, and D. Rose, 2006, Parameters influencing the variation in mercury emissions from an Alberta power plant burning high inertinite coal over thirty-eight weeks period: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 65, p. 26-34.

Goodarzi, F., and J. Hower, 2007, Classification of carbon in Canadian fly ashes: Fuel, v. 48, p. 1949-1957.

Goodarzi, F., F.E. Huggins, and H. Sanei, 2008, Assessment of elements, speciation of As, Cr, Ni and emitted Hg for a Canadian power plant burning bituminous coal: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 74, p. 1-12.

Grasby, S.E., H. Sanei, and B. Beauchamp, 2011, Catastrophic dispersion of coal fly ash into oceans during the latest Permian extinction: Nature Geoscience, v. 4, p. 104-107.

Groppo, J., T. Robl, and J.C. Hower, 2004, The beneficiation of coal combustion ash, in R. Gieré and P. Stille, eds., Energy, waste and the environment: a geochemical perspective: London, Geological Society, Special Publication 236, p. 247-262.

Grint, A., and H. Marsh, 1981, Carbonisation of coal blends: mesophase formation and coke properties: Fuel, v. 60, p. 1115-1120.

Griswold, T.B., J.C. Hower, and J.C. Cobb, 1990, Impact of coal quality variations on utilization of the Springfield (western Kentucky no. 9) coal bed: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 9, p. 113-119.

Grossman, S.L., S. David, I. Wegener, W. Wanzl, and H. Cohen, 1996, Explosion risks of bituminous coals in contact with air: Erdöl Erdgas Kohle, v. 112, p. 322-324. (spontaneous combustion)

Grossman, S.L., and H. Cohen, 1998, Emission of toxic explosive and fire hazardous gases in coal piles stored under atmospheric conditions (part 1 of a 2 part article): Energeia, v. 9, no. 3, p. 1, 4-5. (spontaneous combustion)

Guedes, A., B. Valentim, A.C. Prieto, A. Sanz, D. Flores, and F. Noronha, 2008, Characterization of fly ash from a power plant and surroundings by micro-Raman spectroscopy: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 73, p. 359-370.

Gupta, R., T. Wall, and L. Baxter, eds., 1999, The impact of mineral impurities in solid fuel combustion: Norwell, MA, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 788 p.

Han, W., H. Jin, and R. Lin, 2011, A novel power generation system based on moderate conversion of chemical energy of coal and natural gas: Fuel, v. 90, p. 263-271.

Hansen, Y., P.J. Notten, and J.G. Petrie, 2002, The environmental impact of ash management in coal-based power generation: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 1131-1141.

Hassett, D.J., 1996, Ash research at the University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center: Energeia, v. 7, no. 4, p. 1, 3-5.

Hassett, D.J., and K.E. Eylands, 1999, Mercury capture on coal combustion fly ash: Fuel, v. 78, p. 243-248.

Hatt, R., 1988, Fuel quality for fluidized bed combustors: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 7, no. 4, p. 114-116.

Hatt, R.M., and S.M. Rimmer, 1989, Classification and sampling of deposits from coal-fired boilers: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 8, no. 2, p. 40-44.

Hill, R., R. Rathbone, and J.C. Hower, 1998, Investigation of fly ash carbon by thermal analysis and optical microscopy: Cement and Concrete Research, v. 28, p. 1479-1488.

Hindmarsh, C.J., W. Wang, K.M. Thomas, and J.C. Crelling, 1994, The release of nitrogen during the combustion of macerals, microlithotypes, and their chars: Fuel, v. 73, p. 1229-1234.

Hoffman, G.K., 2000, Use of fly ash from New Mexico coals (abstract): AAPG Bulletin, v. 84, p. 1240.

Hough, D.C., and A. Sanyal, 1987, The role of petrography in the classification and combustion of coal: Energy World, no. 146, p. 7-10.

Howard, J.R., 1983, Fluidized beds: combustion and applications: New York, Elsevier, 379 p.

Hower, J.C., 1990, Hardgrove grindability index and petrology used as an enhanced predictor of coal feed rate: Energeia, v. 1, no. 6, p. 1-2.

Hower, J.C., and T.L. Robl, 1993, Production of coal-combustion by-products in Kentucky: trends and prospects: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 12, p. 24-29.

Hower, J.C., J.D. Robertson, U.M. Graham, G.A. Thomas, A.S. Wong, and W.H. Schram, 1993, Characterization of Kentucky coal-combustion by-products: compositional variations based on sulfur content of feed coal: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 12, p. 150-155.

Hower, J.C., J.D. Robertson, U.M. Graham, G.A. Thomas, and A.S. Wong, 1993, Characterization of Kentucky coal combustion by-products: compositional variations based on sulfur content of feed coal, in S.-H. Chiang, ed., Coal — energy and the environment: Tenth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Proceedings, p. 1022-1025.

Hower, J.C., J.K. Hiett, G.D. Wild, and C.F. Eble, 1994, Coal resources, production, and quality in the eastern Kentucky coal field: perspectives on the future of steam coal production, in Nonrenewable resources, v. 3: Oxford University Press, p. 216-236.

Hower, J.C., G.D. Wild, and U.M. Graham, 1995, Petrographic characterization of high-carbon fly ash samples from Kentucky power stations, in S.S. Tyson, T.H. Blackstock, J. Hunger, and A. Marshall, eds., Proceedings: 11th International Symposium on use and management of coal combustion by-products: American Coal Ash Association, p. 62-1 to 62-12.

Hower, J.C., R.F. Rathbone, U.M. Graham, J.G. Groppo, S.M. Brooks, T.L. Robl, and S.S. Medina, 1995, Approaches to the petrographic characterization of fly ash: 11th International Coal Testing Conference, May 10-12, p. 49-54.

Hower, J.C., T.L. Robl, R.F. Rathbone, J.G. Groppo, U.M. Graham, and D.N. Taulbee, 1996, Case studies of the impact of conversion to low-NOx combustion on fly ash petrology and mineralogy: Proceedings of 7th Australian Coal Science Conference, Gippsland, Victoria, Australia, p. 347-354.

Hower, J.C., G.A. Thomas, D.S. Clifford, J.D. Eady, J.D. Robertson, and A.S. Wong, 1996, Petrography and chemistry of high-carbon fly ash from the Shawnee Power Station, Kentucky: Energy Sources, v. 18, p. 107-118.

Hower, J.C., J.D. Robertson, G.A. Thomas, A.S. Wong, W.H. Schram, U.M. Graham, R.F. Rathbone, and T.L. Robl, 1996, Characterization of fly ash from Kentucky power plants: Fuel, v. 75, p. 403-411.

Hower, J.C., T.L. Robl, R.F. Rathbone, W.H. Schram, and G.A. Thomas, 1997, Characterization of pre- and post-Nox conversion fly ash from the Tennessee Valley Authority’s John Sevier fossil plant, in Proceedings, 12th International Symposium on Coal Combustion By-Product (CCB) Management and Use: Electric Power Research Institute, p. 39-1 to 39-13.

Hower, J.C., R.F. Rathbone, T.L. Robl, G.A. Thomas, B.O. Haeberlin, and A.S. Trimble, 1997, Case study of the conversion of tangential- and wall-fired units to low-Nox combustion: impact on fly ash quality: Waste Management, v. 17, p. 219-229.

Hower, J.C., U.M. Graham, A.S. Wong, J.D. Robertson, B.O. Haeberlin, G. A Thomas, and W.H. Schram, 1997, Influence of flue-gas desulfurization systems on coal combustion by-product quality at Kentucky power stations burning high-sulfur coal: Waste Management, v. 17, p. 523-533.

Hower, J.C., H. Ban, J.L. Schaefer, and J.M. Stencel, 1997, Maceral/microlithotype partitioning through triboelectrostatic dry coal cleaning: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 34, p. 277-286.

Hower, J.C., L.J. Blanchard, and J.D. Robertson, 1998, Magnitude of minor element reduction through beneficiation of central Appalachian coals: Coal Preparation, v. 19, p. 213-229.

Hower, J.C., R.F. Rathbone, J.D. Robertson, G. Peterson, and A.S. Trimble, 1999, Petrology, mineralogy, and chemistry of magnetically-separated sized fly ash: Fuel, v. 78, p. 197-203.

Hower, J.C., D.N. Trerice, R.F. Rathbone, G.A. Thomas, and A.D. Hobbs, 1999, Short-term variations in fly ash petrology and mineralogy: examples from a western Pennsylvania power station: American Coal Ash Association, 13th International Symposium on Use and Management of Coal Combustion Products, p. 28-1 to 28-10.

Hower, J.C., T.L. Robl, and G.A. Thomas, 1999, Changes in the quality of coal combustion by-products produced by Kentucky power plants, 1978 to 1997: consequences of Clean Air Act directives: Fuel, v. 78, p. 701-712.

Hower, J.C., A.S. Trimble, C.F. Eble, C.A. Palmer, and A. Kolker, 1999, Characterization of fly ash from low-sulfur and high-sulfur coal sources: partitioning of carbon and trace elements with particle size: Energy Sources, v. 21, p. 511-525.

Hower, J.C., T.L. Robl, and G.A. Thomas, 1999, Changes in the quality of coal delivered to Kentucky power plants, 1978 to 1997: responses to Clean Air Act directives: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 41, p. 125-155.

Hower, J.C., G.A. Thomas, and J. Palmer, 1999, Impact of the conversion of low-Nox combustion on ash characteristics in a utility boiler burning western US coal: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 61, p. 175-195.

Hower, J.C., R.B. Finkelman, R.F. Rathbone, and J. Goodman, 2000, Intra- and inter-unit variation in fly ash petrography and mercury adsorption: examples from a western Kentucky power station: Energy & Fuels, v. 14, p. 212-216.

Hower, J.C., M.M. Maroto-Valer, D.N. Taulbee, and T. Sakulpitakphon, 2000, Mercury capture by distinct fly ash carbon forms: Energy & Fuels, v. 14, p. 224-226.

Hower, J.C., and M. Mastalerz, 2001, An approach toward a combined scheme for the petrographic classification of fly ash: Energy & Fuels, v. 15, p. 1319-1321.

Hower, J.C., A.S. Trimble, and C.F. Eble, 2001, Temporal and spatial variations in fly ash quality: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 73, p. 37-58.

Hower, J.C., J.D. Robertson, and J.M. Roberts, 2001, Petrology and minor element chemistry of combustion by-products from the co-combustion of coal, tire-derived fuel, and petroleum coke at a western Kentucky cyclone-fired unit: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 74, p. 125-142.

Hower, J.C., and J.D. Robertson, 2004, Chemistry and petrology of fly ash derived from the co-combustion of western United States coal and tire-derived fuel: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 85, p. 359-377.

Hower, J.C., G.A. Thomas, S.M. Mardon, and A.S. Trimble, 2005, Impact of co-combustion of petroleum coke and coal on fly ash quality: case study of a western Kentucky power plant: Applied Geochemistry, v. 20, p. 1309-1319.

Hower, J.C., T.L. Robl, C. Anderson, G.A. Thomas, T. Sakulpitakphon, S.M. Mardon, and W.L. Clark, 2005, Characteristics of coal utilization products (CCBs) from Kentucky power plants, with emphasis on mercury content: Fuel, v. 84, p. 1338-1350.

Hower, J.C., I. Suárez-Ruiz, and M. Mastalerz, 2005, An approach toward a combined scheme for the petrographic classification of fly ash: revision and clarification: Energy and Fuels, v. 19, p. 653-655.

Hower, J.C., and J. Knowles, 2006, Research directions in coal combustion product science and engineering: Energeia, v. 17, no. 1, p. 5.

Hower, J.C., 2008, Maceral/microlithotype partitioning with particle size of pulverized coal: Examples from power plants burning central Appalachian and Illinois Basin coals: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 73, p. 213-218.

Hower, J.C., K. Henke, J.M.K. O’Keefe, M.A. Engle, D.R. Blake, and G.B. Stracher, 2009, The Tiptop coal-mine fire, Kentucky: Preliminary investigation of the measurement of mercury and other hazardous gases from coal-fire gas vents: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 80, p. 63-67.

Huggins, F., and F. Goodarzi, 2009, Environmental assessment of elements and polyaromatic hydrocarbons emitted from a Canadian coal-fired power plant: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 77, p. 282-288.

Hutny, W.P., J.A. MacPhee, L. Giroux, and J.T. Price, 1995, Experimental study on the combustion behaviour of coal under simulated blast furnace conditions, in J.A. Pajares and J.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: New York, Elsevier, Coal Science and Technology 24, v. 1, p. 543-546.

Ide, T.S., M. Crook, and F.M. Orr, Jr., 2011, Magnetometer measurements to characterize a subsurface coal fire: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 87, p. 190-196.

Iordanidis, A., J. Buckman, A.G. Triantafyllou, and A. Asvesta, 2008, Fly ash-airborne particles from Ptolemais-Kozani area, northern Greece, as determined by ESEM-EDX: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 73, p. 63-73.

Isidro, A., A. Formoso, J.J. Pis, S. Ferreira, E. Fuente, J.M. Rivas, L. Garcia, and A. Cores, 1995, Combustion characteristics of different types of coal under blast furnace conditions, in J.A. Pajares and J.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: New York, Elsevier, Coal Science and Technology 24, v. 1, p. 551-554.

Jansen, G.J., 1987, Petrography studies can aid in coal mine planning and in estimating methane yields in coal beds: Mining Engineering, v. 39, no. 9, p. 849-852.

Jiang, Y., E.R. Elswick, and M. Mastalerz, 2008, Progression in sulfur isotopic compositions from coal to fly ash: Examples from single-source combustion in Indiana: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 73, p. 273-284.

Johnson, A.A., 2002, Zero emission coal—competitive, highly efficient electricity production from even high sulfur coals: Energeia, v. 13, no. 5, p. 1-3.

Jones, R.B., C.B. McCourt, C. Morley, and K. King, 1985, Maceral and rank influences on the morphology of coal char: Fuel, v. 64, p. 1460-1467.

Jones, R.B, C. Morley, and C.B. McCourt, 1985, Maceral effects on the morphology and combustion of coal char, in Proceedings 1985 International Conference on Coal Science: Sydney, October 28-31, p. 669-672.

Jones, T., 1995, Controlling sulfur emissions from coal combustion: Energeia, v. 6, no. 2, p. 1-2.

Juntgen, H., 1987, Coal characterization in relation to coal combustion, part 1: structural aspects and combustion: Erdol und Kohle-Erdgas-Petrochemie, v. 40, p. 153-165.

Juntgen, H., 1987, Coal characterization in relation to coal combustion, part 2: environmental problems of combustion: Erdol und Kohle-Erdgas-Petrochemie, v. 40, p. 204-208.

Kaitano, R., D. Glasser, and D. Hildebrandt, 2007, A laboratory study of a reactive surface layer for the prevention of spontaneous combustion, in G.B. Stracher, ed., Geology of coal fires: case studies from around the world: GSA Reviews in Engineering Geology 18, p. 85-90.

Kalyoncu, R.S., 2001, Coal combustion products: USGS Minerals Yearbook, v. 1, metals and minerals, p. 19.1-19.5. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/coal/

Kalyoncu, R.S., and D.W. Olson, 2001, Coal combustion products: USGS Fact Sheet FS 0076-01, 4 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs076-01/

Karayigit, A.I., R.A. Gayer, X. Querol, and T. Onacak, 2000, Contents of major and trace elements in feed coals from Turkish coal-fired power plants: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 44, p. 169-184.

Karayigit, A.I., T. Onacak, R.A. Gayer, and S. Goldsmith, 2001, Mineralogy and geochemistry of feed coals and their combustion residues from the Cayirhan power plant, Ankara, Turkay: Applied Geochemistry, v. 16, p. 911-919.

Kasperski, K.L., Y. Briker, D.P. Deshpande, and B. Ozüm, 1996, Coal-oil agglomeration and combustion studies for a bituminous coal pond tailing: Energy Sources, v. 18, p. 43-50.

Kim, A.G., 1977, Laboratory studies on spontaneous heating of coal: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Information Circular 8756, 13 p.

Kim, A.G., 1995, Relative self-heating tendencies of coal, carbonaceous shales, and coal refuse: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations 9537, 21 p.

Kim, A.G., 2001, Utilization of coal combustion by-products: determining the environmental safety: Energeia, v. 12, no. 2, p. 1-4.

Kim, A.G., 2007, Greenhouse gases generated in underground coal-mine fires, in G.B. Stracher, ed., Geology of coal fires: case studies from around the world: GSA Reviews in Engineering Geology 18, p. 1-13.

Klauke, F., A. Reidick, and K.D. Tigges, 2003, Successful generation: World Coal, v. 12, p. 51-53. (reduce CO2 emissions)

Kolker, A.., C.L. Senior, and J.C. Quick, 2006, Mercury in coal and the impact of coal quality on mercury emissions from combustion systems: Applied Geochemistry, v. 21, p. 1821-1836.

Kostova, I.J., J.C. Hower, M. Mastalerz, and S.V. Vassilev, 2011, Mercury capture by selected Bulgarian fly ashes: influence of coal rank and fly ash carbon pore structure on capture efficiency: Applied Geochemistry, v. 26, p. 18-27.

Kuchta, J.M., V.R. Rowe, and D.S. Burgess, 1980, Spontaneous combustion susceptibility in U.S. coals: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations 8474, 37 p.

Kwiecińska, B., and H.I. Petersen, 2004, Graphite, semi-graphite, natural coke, and natural char classification—ICCP system: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 57, p. 99-116.

Lang, L., and Z. Fu-bao, 2010, A comprehensive hazard evaluation system for spontaneous combustion of coal in underground mining: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 82, p. 27-36.

Lee, G.K., and H. Whaley, 1983, Modification of combustion and fly-ash characteristics by coal blending: Journal of the Institute of Energy, v. 56, p. 190-197.

Lester, E., D. Alvarez, A.G. Borrego, B. Valentim, D. Flores, D.A. Clift, P. Rosenberg, B. Kwiecinska, R. Barranco, H.I. Petersen, M. Mastalerz, K.S. Milenkova, C. Panaitescu, M.M. Marques, A. Thompson, D. Watts, S. Hanson, G. Predeanu, M. Misz, and T. Wu, 2010, The procedure used to develop a coal char classification—Commission III Combustion Working Group of the International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 81, p. 333-342.

Levandowski, J., and W. Kalkreuth, 2009, Chemical and petrographical characterization of feed coal, fly ash and bottom ash from the Figueira power plant, Paraná, Brazil: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 77, p. 269-281.

Li, T.X., H. Ban, J.C. Hower, J.M. Stencel, and K. Saito, 1999, Dry triboelectrostatic separation of mineral particles: a potential application in space exploration: Journal of Electrostatics, v. 47, p. 133-142.

Li, Z., A.H. Clemens, T.A. Moore, D. Gong, S.D. Weaver, and N. Eby, 2005, Partitioning behaviour of trace elements in a stoker-fired combustion unit: an example using bituminous coals from the Greymouth coalfield (Cretaceous), New Zealand: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 63, p. 98-116.

Liu, J., X. Jiang, X. Huang, and S. Wu, 2010, Morphological characterization of super fine pulverized coal particle. Part 2. AFM investigation of single coal particle: Fuel, v. 89, p. 3884-3891.

Lyman, R.M., 2001, Pyrophoricity (spontaneous combustion) of Powder River basin coals — considerations for coalbed methane development: Wyoming Geo-Notes, number 69, p. 18-22.

Mangena, S.J., and V.M. du Cann, 2007, Binderless briquetting of some selected South African prime coking, blend coking and weathered bituminous coals and the effect of coal properties on binderless briquetting: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 71, p. 303-312.

Manz, O.E., 1998, Coal fly ash: a retrospective and future look: Energeia, v. 9, no. 2, p. 1,2,5.

Manzanares, P.L., E.S. Garbett, D.A. Spears, M. Widdowson, and G. Richards, 1995, Ignition of coal particles, in J.A. Pajares and J.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: New York, Elsevier, Coal Science and Technology 24, v. 1, p. 587-590.

Mardon, S.M., and J.C. Hower, 2004, Impact of coal properties on coal combustion by-product quality: examples from a Kentucky power plant: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 59, p. 153-169.

Mardon, S.M., J.C. Hower, J.M.K. O’Keefe, M.N. Marks, and D.H. Hedges, 2008, Coal combustion by-product quality at two stoker boilers: Coal source vs. fly ash collection system design: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 75, p. 248-254.

Maroto-Valer, M.M., D.N. Taulbee, and J.C. Hower, 1999, Novel separation of the differing forms of unburned carbon present in fly ash using density gradient centrifugation: Energy & Fuels, v. 13, p. 947-953.

Maroto-Valer, M.M., D.N. Taulbee, and J.C. Hower, 2001, Characterization of differing forms of unburned carbon present in fly ash separated by density gradient centrifugation: Fuel, v. 80, p. 795-800.

Mastalerz, M., J.C. Hower, A. Drobniak, S.M. Mardon, and G. Lis, 2004, From in-situ coal to fly ash: a study of coal mines and power plants from Indiana: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 59, p. 171-192.

Mastalerz, M., A. Drobniak, and G. Filippelli, 2004, Distribution of mercury in Indiana coals and implications for mining and combustion: Indiana Geological Survey Open-File Study 04-04, CD-ROM.

Mazumder, S., P. van Hemert, A. Busch, K.-H.A.A. Wolf, and P. Tejera-Cuesta, 2006, Flue gas and pure CO2 sorption properties of coal: a comparative study: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 67, p. 267-279.

McCurdy, K.M., 2007, Congressional response to coal fires: illustrating transitions in the policy process, in G.B. Stracher, ed., Geology of coal fires: case studies from around the world: GSA Reviews in Engineering Geology 18, p. 271-278.

Mehta, A., and R.B. Dooley, 1988, Proceedings: effects of coal quality on power plants: Palo Alto, CA, Electric Power Research Institute, various pages.

Meij, R., and B.H. te Winkel, 2009, Trace elements in world steam coal and their behavior in Dutch coal-fired power stations: a review: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 77, p. 289-293.

Menéndez, R., A. Gómez Borrego, J. Bailey, E. Fuente, and D. Alvarez, 1995, The effect of inertinite content on coal combustion reactivity, in J.A. Pajares and J.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: New York, Elsevier, Coal Science and Technology 24, v. 1, p. 303-306.

Merrick, D., 1984, Coal combustion and conversion technology: New York, Elsevier, 405 p.

Meyers, R.A., 1981, Coal handbook: New York, Dekker, 854 p.

Miranda, J.L., C. Romero, J.V. Ibarra, D. Schmal, and D. Martinez, 1994, Weathering of stockpiled coals and the resulting losses of calorific value: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 13, p. 104-112. (spontaneous combustion)

Misra, B.K., and B.D. Singh, 1994, Susceptibility to spontaneous combustion of Indian coals and lignites: an organic petrographic autopsy: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 25, p. 265-286.

Misra, B.K., B.D. Singh, and Anand-Prakash, 1996, Biopetrographic approach to the spontaneous combustion susceptibility of Indian Gondwana coals: with reference to some coals of Raniganj and Singrauli coalfields, in Gondwana nine, v. 2: Geological Survey of India, Ninth International Gondwana Symposium, p. 1257-1264.

Misz, M., M. Fabiańska, and S. Ćmiel, 2007, Organic compounds in thermally altered coal waste: Preliminary petrographic and geochemical investigations: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 71, p. 405-424.

Mitchell, E.R., 1974, Coal properties bearing on combustion, in J.F. Fryer, J.D. Campbell, and J.G. Speight, eds., Symposium on coal evaluation: Alberta Research Council, Information Series 76, p. 134-151.

Miura, T., ed., 2001, Advanced coal combustion: Huntington, New York, Nova Science Publishers, 304 p.

Morrison, G.F., 1986, Understanding pulverised coal combustion: IEA Coal Research, London, 26 p.

Morton, M.C., 2010, Centralia, Pa.: Hot as hell: Earth, v. 55, no. 5, p. 28-32.

Mraw, S.C., J.P. De Neufville, H. Freund, Z. Baset, M.L. Gorbaty, and F.J. Wright, 1983, The science of mineral matter in coal, in M.L. Gorbaty, J.W. Larsen, and I. Wender, eds., Coal science, v. 2: New York, Academic Press, p. 1-63. (combustion p. 26-42)

Mukhopadhyay, P.K., G. Lajeunesse, and A.L. Crandlemire, 1996, Mineralogical speciation of elements in an eastern Canadian feed coal and their combustion residues from a Canadian power plant: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 32, p. 279-312.

Mukhopadhyay, P.K., G. Lajeunesse, A.L. Crandlemire, and R.B. Finkelman, 1999, Mineralogy and geochemistry of selected coal seams and their combustion residues from the Sydney area, Nova Scotia, Canada: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 40, p. 253-254.

Nadkarni, R.A., 1982, Comprehensive elemental analysis of coal and fly ash, in E.L. Fuller, Jr., ed., Coal and coal products: analytical characterization techniques: American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series 205, p. 147-162.

Nandi, B.N., T.D. Brown, and G.K. Lee, 1977, Inert coal macerals in combustion: Fuel, v. 56, p. 125-130.

Nayak, R.V., F.W. Bauer, and T.P. Tonden, 1987, Mineral matter in coal — origin, identification, high-temperature transformation, and boiler erosion: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 6, p. 37-43.

Nelson, M.I., and X.D. Chen, 2007, Survey of experimental work on the self-heating and spontaneous combustion of coal, in G.B. Stracher, ed., Geology of coal fires: case studies from around the world: GSA Reviews in Engineering Geology 18, p. 31-83.

Nelson, P.F., P. Shah, V. Strezov, B. Halliburton, and J.N. Carras, 2010, Environmental impacts of coal combustion: A risk approach to assessment of emissions: Fuel, v. 89, p. 810-816.

Nolter, M.A., D.H. Vice, and H. Aurand, Jr., 2007, Comparison of Pennsylvania anthracite mine fires: Centralia and Laurel Run, in G.B. Stracher, ed., Geology of coal fires: case studies from around the world: GSA Reviews in Engineering Geology 18, p. 261-270.

Oka, N., T. Murayama, H. Matsuoka, S. Yamada, T. Yamada, S. Shinozaki, M. Shibaoka, and C.G. Thomas, 1987, The influence of rank and maceral composition on ignition and char burnout of pulverized coal: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 15, p. 213-224.

O’Keefe, J.M.K., E.R. Neace, E.W. Lemley, J.C. Hower, K.R. Henke, G. Copley, R.S. Hatch, A.B. Satterwhite, and D.R. Blake, 2011, Old Smokey coal fire, Floyd County, Kentucky: Estimates of gaseous emission rates: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 87, p. 150-156.

Palmer, C.A., M.R. Krasnow, R.B. Finkleman, and W.M. D’Angelo, 1993, An evaluation of leaching to determine modes of occurrence of selected toxic elements in coal: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 12, p. 135-141.

Parekh, B.K., and J.G. Groppo, eds., 1993, Proceedings of the fifth international conference on processing and utilization of high-sulfur coals: Coal Science and Technology, v. 21, 638 p.

Patrick, J.W., 2009, The 7th European conference on coal research and its application (preface): Fuel, v. 88, p. 2327.

Pavlish, J.H., E.A. Sondreal, M.D. Mann, E.S. Olson, K.C. Galbreath, D.L. Laudal, and S.A. Benson, 2003, A status review of mercury control options for coal-fired power plants: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 82, p. 89-165.

Pavlish, J.H., L.L. Hamre, and Y. Zhuang, 2010, Mercury control technologies for coal combustion and gasification systems: Fuel, v. 89, p. 838-847.

Pflughoeft-Hassett, D.F., 2000, Practical working definition for materials from conversion of coal for power production: Energeia, v. 11, no. 4, p. 1-3.

Phong-anant, D., J.W. Baker, and M. Salehi, 1989, Burnout characteristics of coal macerals, in C.G. Thomas and M.G. Strachan, eds., Proceedings of the macerals ’89 symposium: North Ryde, NSW, CSIRO, p. 5-1 to 5-19.

Pilarczyk, E., P. Leonhardt, and W. Wanzl, 1995, Characterization of coals with respect to their self-ignition tendency, in J.A. Pajares and J.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: New York, Elsevier, Coal Science and Technology 24, v. 1, p. 497-500.

Pires, M., and X. Querol, 2004, Characterization of Candiota (South Brazil) coal and combustion by-product: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 60, p. 57-72.

Pone, J.D.N., K.A.A. Hein, G.B. Stracher, H.J. Annegarn, R.B. Finkelman, D.R. Blake, J.K. McCormack, and P. Schroeder, 2007, The spontaneous combustion of coal and its by-products in the Witbank and Sasolburg coalfields of South Africa: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 72, p. 124-140.

Porter, D., and J. Schmitz, 1995, Utility coal procurement: London, IEA Coal Research, Perspectives Series, IEAPER/20, 31 p.

Potgieter, J.H., 2003, Fly ash research at Technikon Pretoria, South Africa: Energeia, v. 14, no. 1, p. 1-3.

Prakash, A., and A.R. Berthelote, 2007, Subsurface coal-mine fires: laboratory simulation, numerical modeling, and depth estimation, in G.B. Stracher, ed., Geology of coal fires: case studies from around the world: GSA Reviews in Engineering Geology 18, p. 211-218.

Prased, A.S., 1988, Combustion of pulverized coal blends: Norman, University of Oklahoma, unpublished thesis.

Purushothama, S., and W.G. Lloyd, 1994, Organic coproducts of coal combustion: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 13, p. 77-81.

Querol, X., A. Alastuey, A. Lopez-Soler, F. Plana, E. Mantilla, R. Juan, C.R. Ruiz, and A. La Orden, 1999, Characterization of atmospheric particulates around a coal-fired power station: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 40, p. 175-188.

Querol, X., N. Moreno, J.C. Umaña, A. Alastuey, E. Hernández, A. López-Soler, and F. Plana, 2002, Synthesis of zeolites from coal fly ash: an overview: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 50, p. 413-423.

Querol, X., M. Izquierdo, E. Monfort, E. Alvarez, O. Font, T. Moreno, A. Alastuey, X. Zhuang, W. Lu, and Y. Wang, 2008, Environmental characterization of burnt coal gangue banks at Yangquan, Shanxi Province, China: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 75, p. 93-104.

Querol, X., X. Zhuang, O. Font, M. Izquierdo, A. Alastuey, I. Castro, B.L. van Drooge, T. Moreno, J.O. Grimalt, J. Elvira, M. Cabañas, R. Bartroli, J.C. Hower, C. Ayora, F. Plana, and A. López-Soler, 2011, Influence of soil cover on reducing the environmental impact of spontaneous coal combustion in coal waste gobs: a review and new experimental data: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 85, p. 2-22.

Quick, J.C., and D.C. Glick, 2000, Carbon dioxide from coal combustion: variation with rank of US coal: Fuel, v. 79, p. 803-812.

Quick, J.C., and T. Brill, 2002, Provincial variation of carbon emissions from bituminous coal: influence of inertinite and other factors: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 49, p. 263-275.

Quick, J.C., 2004, New rules limiting mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants: Utah Geological Survey, Survey Notes, v. 36, no. 3, p. 12-13, 9.

Quintero, J.A., S.A. Candela, C.A. Ríos, C. Montes, and C. Uribe, 2009, Spontaneous combustion of the Upper Paleocene Cerrejón Formation coal and generation of clinker in La Guajira Peninsula (Caribbean region of Colombia): International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 80, p. 196-210.

Rajan, S., and J.K. Raghavan, 1995, Role of coal maceral composition in reducing sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen emissions from pulverized coal flames, in J.A. Pajares andJ.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: New York, Elsevier, Coal Science and Technology 24, v. 2, p. 1815-1818.

Ribeiro, J., E. Ferreira da Silva, and D. Flores, 2010, Burning of coal waste piles from Douro Coalfield (Portugal): petrological, geochemical and mineralogical characterization: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 81, p. 359-372.

Ribeiro, J., B. Valentim, C. Ward, and D. Flores, 2011, Comprehensive characterization of anthracite fly ash from a thermo-electric power plant and its potential environmental impact: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 86, p. 204-212.

Robl, T., J.G. Groppo, S. Brooks, J.C. Hower, and S.S. Medina, 1995, Case studies of low Nox burner retrofit: 1. The effect of loss on ignition, particle size, and chemistry of the fly ash, in S.S. Tyson, T.H. Blackstock, J. Hunger, and A. Marshall, eds., Proceedings: 11th International symposium on use and management of coal combustion by-products (CCBs): American Coal Ash Association, o. 21-1 to 21-12.

Robl, T.L., J.C. Hower, U.M. Graham, R.F. Rathbone, and S.S. Medina, 1995, Influence of conversion to low Nox combustion on fly ash petrography and mineralogy: a cae study, in S.-H. Chiang, ed., Proceedings: Coal — energy and the environment: Twelfth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, p. 121-125.

Rogers, R.S.C., and L.G. Austin, 1989, Coal-size reduction, in R. Klein and R. Wellek, eds., Sample selection, aging, and reactivity of coal: New York, John Wiley & Sons, p. 103-153. (combustion p. 143-146)

Rose, A., T. Torries, and W. Labys, 1991, Clean coal technologies and future prospects for coal, in J.M. Hollander, ed., Annual Review of Energy and the Environment: Palo Alto, Annual Reviews Inc., Energy and the Environment, v. 16, p. 59-90.

Rosenberg, P., H.I. Petersen, and E. Thomsen, 1996, Combustion char morphology related to combustion temperature and coal petrography: Fuel, v. 75, p. 1071-1082.

Roy, J., P. Sarkar, S. Biswas, and A. Choudhury, 2009, Predictive equations for CO2 emission factors for coal combustion, their applicability in a thermal power plant and subsequent assessment of uncertainty in CO2 estimation: Fuel, v. 88, p. 792-798.

Ruppel, T.C., and T.A. Sarkus, 1998, Unburned carbon on fly ash: a burning issue for coal-fired utilities: Energeia, v. 9, no. 1, p. 5-6.

Sahu, H.B., S.S. Mahapatra, and D.C. Panigrahi, 2009, An empirical approach for classification of coal seams with respect to the spontaneous heating susceptibility of Indian coals: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 80, p. 175-180. (coal mine fire)

Sajwan, K.S., A.K. Alva, and R.F. Keefer, eds., 1999, Biogeochemistry of trace elements in coal and coal combustion byproducts: New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 359 p.

Sakulpitakphon, T., J.C. Hower, A.S. Trimble, W.H. Schram, and G.A. Thomas, 2000, Mercury capture by fly ash: study of the combustion of a high-mercury coal at a utility boiler: Energy & Fuels, v. 14, p. 727-733.

Sakulpitakphon, T., J.C. Hower, and D.N. Taulbee, 2003, Predicted CO2 emissions from maceral concentrates of high volatile bituminous Kentucky and Illinois coals: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 54, p. 185-192.

Sakulpitakphon, T., J.C. Hower, A.S. Trimble, W.H. Schram, and G.A. Thomas, 2003, Arsenic and mercury partitioning in fly ash at a Kentucky power plant: Energy & Fuels, v. 17, p. 1028-1033.

Sakulpitakphon, T., J.C. Hower, W.H. Schram, and C. R. Ward, 2004, Tracking mercury from the mine to the power plant: geochemistry of the Manchester coal bed, Clay County, Kentucky: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 57, p. 127-141.

Sanei, H., F. Goodarzi, and P.M. Outridge, 2010, Spatial distribution of mercury and other trace elements in recent lake sediments from central Alberta, Canada: an assessment of the regional impact of coal-fired power plants: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 82, p. 105-115.

Sanyal, A., 1983, The role of coal macerals in combustion: Journal of the Institute of Energy, v. 56, p. 92-95.

Saxena, R., G.K.B. Navale, D. Chandra, and Y.V.S. Prasad, 1989, Spontaneous combustion of some Permian coal seams of India: an explanation based on microscopic and physico-chemical properties: The Palaeobotanist, v. 38, p. 58-82.

Schmal, D., 1989, Spontaneous heating of stored coal, in C.R. Nelson, ed., Chemistry of coal weathering: New York, Elsevier Science Publishers, Coal Science and Technology, v. 14, p. 133-213.

Schobert, H.H., 1987, Coal — the energy source of the past and future: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society.

Selcuk, N., 1988, Fluidized bed combustion of coal, in Yuda Yurum, ed., New trends in coal science: Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 481-494.

Senior, C.L., C.J. Bustard, H. Durham, K. Baldrey, and D. Michaud, 2004, Characterization of fly ash from full-scale demonstration of sorbent injection for mercury control on coal-fired power plants: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 85, p. 601-612.

Shibaoka, M., 1985, The influence of rank and maceral composition on combustion of pulverized coal, in International conference on coal science, 1985: Oxford, Pergamon Press, p. 665-668.

Shibaoka, M., 1985, Microscopic investigation of unburnt char in fly ash: Fuel, v. 64, p. 263-269.

Shibaoka, M., C.G. Thomas, and E. Gawronski, 1989, Microscopic investigations of combustion residues of inertinite rich coals from laboratory and power station samples, in C.G. Thomas and M.G. Strachan, eds., Proceedings of the macerals ’89 symposium: North Ryde, NSW, CSIRO, p. 3-1 to 3-18.

Singer, S., 1984, Pulverized coal combustion: recent developments: Park Ridge, New Jersey, Noyes Publications, 184 p.

Singh, A.K., R.V.K. Singh, M.P. Singh, H. Chandra, and N.K. Shukla, 2007, Mine fire gas indices and their application to Indian underground coal mine fires: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 69, p. 192-204.

Singh, R.N., 1986, A practical system of classifying coal seams liable to spontaneous combustion: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 5, p. 108-113.

Singh, S., L.C. Ram, R.E. Masto, and S.K. Verma, 2011, A comparative evaluation of minerals and trace elements in the ashes from lignite, coal refuse, and biomass fired power plants: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 87, p. 112-120.

Skorupska, N.M., A. Sanyal, G.J. Hesselman, J.C. Crelling, I.A.S. Edwards, and H. Marsh, 1987, The use of an entrained flow reactor to assess the reactivity of coals of high inertinite content: Proceedings International Conference on Coal Science, The Netherlands, Elsevier, p. 827-831.

Sloss, L.L., and I.M. Smith, 1993, Organic compounds from coal utilization: IEA Coal Research, IEACR/63, 69 p.

Sloss, L.L., 1995, Mercury emissions and effects — the role of coal: IEA Coal Research, Perspectives Series, IEAPER/19, 39 p.

Sloss, L., 1996, Residues from advanced coal-use technologies: London, IEA Coal Research, IEA Coal Research Perspectives Series, IEAPER/30, 40 p.

Sloss, L.L., I.M. Smith, and D.M.B. Adams, 1996, Pulverized coal ash — requirements for utilisation: London, IEA Coal Research, IEA Coal Research Report Series, IEACR/88, 88 p.

Smith, A.C., and C.P. Lazzara, 1993, Spontaneous combustion during the storage and transport of coal, in S.-H. Chiang, ed., Coal — energy and the environment: Tenth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Proceedings, p. 1009-1015.

Smith, J.D., T.T. Spence, P.J. Smith, A.U. Blackham, and L.D. Smoot, 1988, Effects of coal quality on utility furnace performance: Fuel, v. 67, p. 27-35.

Smoot, L.D., and P.J. Smith, 1985, Coal combustion and gasification: New York, Plenum Press, 443 p.

Smoot, L.D., ed., 1992, Fundamentals of coal combustion: New York, Elsevier Science Publishers, Coal Science and Technology, v. 20, 750 p.

Sokol, E.V., and N.I. Volkova, 2007, Combustion metamorphic events resulting from natural coal fires, in G.B. Stracher, ed., Geology of coal fires: case studies from around the world: GSA Reviews in Engineering Geology 18, p. 97-115.

Spears, D.A., and M.R. Martinez-Tarazona, 1993, Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of a power station feed-coal, Eggsborough, England: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 22, p. 1-20.

Stankova, A., N. Gilon, L. Dutruch, and V. Kanicky, 2010, A simple LIBS method for fast quantitative analysis of fly ashes: Fuel, v. 89, p. 3468-3474.

Steller, M., P. Arendt, and H. Kühl, 2006, Development of coal petrography applied in technical processes at the Bergbau-Forschung/DMT during the last 50 years: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 67, p. 158-170.

Stencel, J.M., 1990, Fluidized-bed combustion and energy production: Energeia, v. 1, no. 1, p. 2-4.

Stewart, B.R., 1999, Coal combustion product (CCP) production and use: survey results, in K.S. Sajwan, A.K. Alva, and R.F. Keefer, eds., Biogeochemistry of trace elements in coal and coal combustion byproducts: New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, p. 1-6.

Stracher, G.B., ed., 2004, Coal fires burning around the World: a global catastrophe: International Journal of Coal Geology, Special Issue, v. 59, p. 1-151.

Stracher, G.B., 2007, Coal fires burning around the world: Opportunity for innovative and interdisciplinary research: GSA Today, v. 17, no. 11, p. 36-37.

Stracher, G.B., ed., 2007, Geology of coal fires: case studies from around the world: GSA Reviews in Engineering Geology 18, 283 p.

Stracher G.B., A. Prakash, and E.V. Sokol, eds., 2010, Coal and peat fires: a global perspective; v. 1, coal – geology and combustion: New York, Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co., 380 p.

Stultz, S.C., 2005, Steam: its generation and use: Babcock and Wilcox Company, 41st edition, 1064 p.

Suárez-Ruiz, I., and C.R. Ward, 2008, Coal combustion, in I. Suárez-Ruiz and J.C. Crelling, eds., Applied coal petrology: the role of petrology in coal utilization: New York, Academic Press, p. 85-117.

Sun, Q., W. Li, H. Chen, and B. Li, 2003, The variation of structural characteristics of macerals during pyrolysis: Fuel, v. 82, p. 669-676.

Swanepoel, J.C., and C.A. Strydom, 2002, Utilisation of fly ash in a geopolymeric material: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 1143-1148.

Tadmore, J., 1986, Radioactivity from coal-fired power plants: a review: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, v. 4, p. 177-204.

Tavoulareas, E.S., 1991, Fluidized-bed combustion technology, in J.M. Hollander, ed., Annual Review of Energy and the Environment: Palo Alto, Annual Reviews, Inc., Energy and the Environment, v. 16, p. 25-57.

Thomas, C.G., M. Shibaoka, E. Gawronski, M.E. Gosnell, and L.F. Brunckhorst, 1989, Macerals’ fusion behaviour in thermal coals, in C.G. Thomas and M.G. Strachan, eds., Proceedings of the Macerals ’89 symposium: North Ryde, NSW, CSIRO, p. 4-1 to 4-35.

Thomas, C.G., M. Shibaoka, E. Gawronski, M.E. Gosnell, and D. Phong-anant, 1992, Reactive inertinite in pf combustion. Part I: a laser microreactor — its use in coal research: Fuel,

Thomas, C.G., M. Shibaoka, E. Gawronski, M.E. Gosnell, and D. Phong-anant, 1992, Reactive inertinite in pf combustion. Part II: determination of reactive inertinite in pf combustion: Fuel,

Thomas, C.G., M.E. Gosnell, E. Gawronski, D. Phong-Anant, and M. Shibaoka, 1993, The behaviour of inertinite macerals under pulverised fuel (pf) combustion conditions: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, p. 779-788.

Tomeczek, J., and H. Palugniok, 2002, Kinetics of mineral matter transformation during coal combustion: Fuel, v. 81, p. 1251-1258.

Torrent, J.G., I.S. Armada, and R.A. Pedreira, 1988, A correlation between composition and explosibility index for coal dust: Fuel, v. 67, p. 1629-1632.

Tsai, C.-Y., and A.W. Scaroni, 1987, Pyrolysis and combustion of bituminous coal fractions in an entrained-flow reactor: Energy and Fuels, v. 1, p. 263-269.

Tsai, S.C., 1982, Fundamentals of coal beneficiation and utilization: New York, Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co., Coal Science and Technology, v. 2, 375 p.

Uludağ, S., 2007, The spontaneous combustion index and its application: past, present, and future, in G.B. Stracher, ed., Geology of coal fires: case studies from around the world: GSA Reviews in Engineering Geology 18, p. 15-22.

Unsworth, J.F., D.J. Barratt, and P.T. Roberts, 1991, Coal quality and combustion performance: an international perspective: New York, Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co., Coal Science and Technology, v. 19, 638 p.

Valentim, B., M.J. Lemos de Sousa, P. Abelha, D. Boavida, and I. Gulyurtlu, 2006, Combustion studies in a fluidized bed—the link between temperature, NOx and N2O formation, char morphology and coal type: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 67, p. 191-201.

Valentim, B., M.J. Lemos de Sousa, P. Abelha, D. Boavida, and I. Gulyurtlu, 2006, The identification of unusual microscopic features in coal and their derived chars: influence on coal fluidized bed combustion: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 67, p. 202-211.

Valentim, B., and J.C. Hower, 2010, Influence of feed and sampling systems on element partitioning in Kentucky fly ash: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 82, p. 94-104.

Valk, M., ed., 1995, Atmospheric fluidized bed coal combustion: research, development and application: New York, Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co., Coal Science and Technology, v. 22, 462 p.

Van Dijk, P., J. Zhang, W. Jun, C. Luenzer, and K.-H. Wolf, 2011, Assessment of the contribution of in-situ combustion of coal to greenhouse gas emission; based on a comparison of Chinese mining information to previous remote sensing estimates: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 86, p. 108-119.

Vassilev, S.V., C.G. Vassileva, A.I. Karayigit, Y. Bulut, A. Alastuey, and X. Querol, 2005, Phase-mineral and chemical composition of composite samples from feed coals, bottom ashes and fly ashes at the Soma power station, Turkey: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 61, p. 35-63.

Vassilev, S.V., C.G. Vassileva, A.I. Karayigit, Y. Bulut, A. Alastuey, and X. Querol, 2005, Phase-mineral and chemical composition of fractions separated from composite fly ashes at the Soma power station, Turkey: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 61, p. 65-85.

Vejahati, F., Z. Xu, and R. Gupta, 2010, Trace elements in coal: Associations with coal and minerals and their behavior during coal utilization—A review: Fuel, v. 89, p. 904-911.

Vleeskens, J.M., 1983, Combustion efficiency and petrographic properties, in Proceedings, 1983 International conference on coal science: Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center, p. 599-602.

Vleeskens, J.M., and B.N. Nandi, 1986, Burnout of coals. Comparative bench-scale experiments on pulverized fuel and fluidized bed combustion: Fuel, v. 65, p. 797-802.

Vleeskens, J.M., T.W.M.B. van Haasteren, M. Ross, and J. Gerrits, 1988, Behavior of different char components in fluidized bed combustion: a char petrography study: Fuel, v. 67, p. 426-430.

Vories, K.C., 2004, The beneficial use of coal combustion by-products (CCBs) at SMCRA-regulated coal mines: Energeia, v. 15, no. 5, p. 1-3.

Wang, W., S.D. Brown, K.M. Thomas, and J.C. Crelling, 1994, Nitrogen release from a rank series of coals during temperature programmed combustion: Fuel, v. 73, p. 341-347.

Wang, W., Y. Qin, D. Song, and K. Wang, 2008, Column leaching of coal and its combustion residues, Shizuishan, China: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 75, p. 81-87.

Ward, C.R., D. French, J. Jankowski, M. Dubikova, Z. Li, and K.W. Riley, 2009, Element mobility from fresh and long-stored acidic fly ashes associated with an Australian power station: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 80, p. 224-236.

Wessling, S., C. Kuenzer, W. Kessels, and M.W. Wuttke, 2008, Numerical modeling for analyzing thermal surface anomalies induced by underground coal fires: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 74, p. 175-184.

Williams, A., M. Pourkashanian, J.M. Jones, and N. Skorupska, 2000, Combustion and gasification of coal: New York, Taylor & Francis, Applied Energy Technology Series, 263 p.

Winschel, R.A., 1990, The relationship of carbon dioxide emissions with coal rank and sulfur content: Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, v. 40, p. 861-865.

Wong, A.S., and J.D. Robertson, 1993, Multi-elemental analysis of coal and its by-products by simultaneous proton-induced gamma-ray/x-ray emission analysis: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 12, p. 146-150.

Wong, A.S., J.C. Hower, J.D. Robertson, B.O. Haeberlin, G.A. Thomas, and W.H. Schram, 1994, Fluorine partitioning in flue-gas desulfurization: examples from coal-fired power plants in Kentucky: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 13, p. 81-87.

Woolard, C.D., J. Strong, and C.R. Erasmus, 2002, Evaluation of the use of modified coal ash as a potential sorbent for organic waste streams: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 1159-1164.

Wyszomirski, P., and E. Brylska, 1996, Fly ash in Polish building ceramics — threat or proecology?: Applied Geochemistry, v. 11, p. 351-353.

Xie, J., S. Xue, W. cheng, and G. Wang, 2011Early detection of spontaneous combustion of coal in underground coal mines with development of an ethylene enriching system: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 85, p. 123-127.

Xu, X., Q. Chen, and H. Fan, 2003, The influence of high-temperature crystallite growth and petrography of pulverized char on combustion characteristics: Fuel, v. 82, p. 853-858.

Yossifova, M., S. Valćeva, and E. Djourova, 2007, Mineralogy and environmental geochemistry of lagooned ashes resulted from combustion of Maritza East lignite, Bulgaria: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 71, p. 287-302.

Yuan, L., and A.C. Smith, 2011, CO and CO2 emissions from spontaneous heating of coal under different ventilation rates: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 88, p. 24-30.

Zhang, H., K. Chen, J. Yan, and M. Ni, 2002, The fragmentation of coal particles during the coal combustion in a fluidized bed: Fuel, v. 81, p. 1835-1840.

Zhang, J., Y. Zhao, C. Wei, B. Yao, and C. Zheng, 2010, Mineralogy and microstructure of ash deposits from the Zhuzhou coal-fired power plant in China: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 81, p. 309-319.

Zhang, X., C. Chen, X. Sun, and Y. Zheng, 1995, Maceral and rank influences on the morphology and reactivity of coal char, in J.A. Pajares and J.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: New York, Elsevier, Coal Science and Technology 24, v. 1, p. 307-310.

Zhao, Y., J. Zhang, C.-L. Chou, Y. Li, Z. Wang, Y. Ge, and C. Zheng, 2008, Trace element emissions from spontaneous combustion of gob piles in coal mines, Shanxi, China: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 73, p. 52-62.

Zhou, F., W. Ren, D. Wang, T. Song, X. Li, and Y. Zhang, 2006, Application of three-phase foam to fight an extraordinarily serious coal mine fire: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 67, p. 95-100.

Zielinski, R.A., and R.B. Finkelman, 1997, Radioactive elements in coal and fly ash: abundance, forms, and environmental significance: U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet FS-163-97, 4 p.

Zyryanov, V.V., S.A. Petrov, and A.A. Matvienko, 2011, Characterization of spinel and magnetospheres of coal fly ashes collected in power plants in the former USSR: Fuel, v. 90, p. 486-492.